第一部分:基础知识
1.字母:26 个字母的大小写
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
2.语音:元音的发音
五个元音字母:AEIOU
12 个单元音:前元音:[i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ɪ] /e/ [æ] ] /e/ [æ] e/e/ [æ] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] æ] 中元音:[i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ɜ:] [ə]:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ə]]
后元音:[i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ɑ:] [ɒ] [ɔ:] [u :] [ʊ] [ʌ]:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ɒ] [ɔ:] [u :] [ʊ] [ʌ]] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ɔ:] [u :] [ʊ] [ʌ]:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] u :] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ʊ] [ʌ]] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ʌ]]
双元音(8 个)
Ⅰ.合口双元音(5 个)[i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ai] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ei] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] au] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ə]u] [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] ɔ:] [u :] [ʊ] [ʌ]i]
Ⅱ.集中双元音(3 个) [i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] iə]][i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] εə][uə]ə]][i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] uə]]
3.词汇:词汇量,近反义词
4.句子:大小写,标点符号
第二部分:语法知识
一、名词:名词单复数,名词的格式
(一)名词单复数
1.一般情况,直接加-ss,如:book-sbooks, bag-sbags, cat-scats, bed-sbeds
2. 以 s. x. sh. ch 结 尾 , 加 -ses , 如 : bus-sbuses, box-sboxes, brush-s
brushes, watch-swatches
3. 以 “ 辅 音 字 母 +y”y” 结 尾 , 变 y 为 i, 再 加 -ses , 如 : family-sfamilies,
strawberry-sstrawberries
4.以“f 或 fe”结尾,变 f 或 fe 为 v, 再加-ses,如:knife-sknives
5.不规则名词复数:
man-smen,woman-swomen,policeman-spolicemen,policewoman-s
policewomen mouse-smice
child-schildren, foot-sfeet, tooth-steeth, fish-sfish, people-speople,
Chinese-sChinese, Japanese-sJapanese
不可数名词的复数就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea
(二)名词的格
(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格:
a) 单数后加 ’s 如:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt
b) 以 s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] his friends’ bags
c) 不以 s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes
并列名词中,如果把 ’s 加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ]
Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加’s
Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +y”名词”来表示所有关系:
如:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] a picture of the classroom a map of China。
二、冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类
(1)不定冠词:a /e/ [æ] an a unit /e/ [æ] an uncle
元音开头的可数名词前用 an :] [ɪ] /e/ [æ]
an egg /e/ [æ] an apple /e/ [æ] an orange /e/ [æ] an eraser /e/ [æ] an answer /e/ [æ] an ID card /e/ [æ] an
alarm clock /e/ [æ] an actor /e/ [æ] an actress /e/ [æ] an e-smail /e/ [æ] an address /e/ [æ] an event /e/ [æ] an
example /e/ [æ] an opera /e/ [æ] an houran old man /e/ [æ] an interesting book /e/ [æ] an
exciting sport /e/ [æ] an action movie /e/ [æ] an art lesson
(2)定冠词:the the egg the plane
2. 用法:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ]
定冠词的用法:
(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.
(2)复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
(3)谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.
(4)在序数词前:John’s birthday is February the second.
(5)用于固定词组中:in the morning /e/ [æ] afternoon /e/ [æ] evening
不用冠词的情况:
(1)专有名词前:China is a big country.
(2)名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:This is my
baseball.
(3) 复 数 名 词 表 示 一 类 人 和 事 : Monkeys can’t swim. They are
teachers.
(4) 在 节 日 , 日 期 , 月 份 , 季 节 前 : Today is Christmas Day. It’s
Sunday.
(5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] 30.
(6) 球 类 棋 类 运 动 前 : They often play football after class. He plays
chess at home.
但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.
(7)学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.
(8)在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.
(9)固定词组中:at noon at night by bus
三、代词、形容词、副词
代词:人称代词,物主代词
主格宾格
第一
人称单数 I(我)memy(我的)
复数 we(我们)usour(我们的)
第二
人称单数 you(你)youyour(你的)
复数 you(你们)youyour(你们的)
第三
人称单数 he(他)himhis(他的)
she(她)herher(她的)
it(它)itits(它的)
复数 they(他们/e/ [æ] 她们/e/ [æ] 它们)themtheir(他们的/e/ [æ] 她们的/e/ [æ] 它们的)
形容词,副词:比较级,最高级
(一)形容词的比较级
1.形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较
级后面一般带有单词 than。比较级前面可以用 more, a little 来修饰表示程度。
than 后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。
2.形容词加 er 的规则
⑴ 一般在词尾加 er ;
⑵ 以字母 e 结尾,加 r ;
⑶ 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加
er ;
⑷ 以“辅音字母+y”y”结尾,先把 y 变 i,再加 er 。
3.不规则形容词比较级:
good-sbetter, beautiful-smore beautiful
(二)副词的比较级
1.形容词与副词的区别(有 be 用形,有形用 be;有动用副,有副用动)
⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或 be 动词之后
⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后
2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化:well-s
better, far-sfarther)
四、数词:基数词、序数词
(1)1-s20
one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleve
n
,
twelve
,
thirteen
,
fourteen
,
fifteen
,
sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty
(2)21-s99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。
23→twenty-sthree , 34→thirty-sfour , 45→forty—five , 56→fifty-s
six,67→sixty-sseven,78→seventy-seight,89→eighty-snine,91→ninety-s
one
(3)101—999 先说“几百”,再加 and,再加末两位数或末位数;
586→five hundred and eighty-ssix,803→eight hundred and three
(4)l,000 以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为
thousand.第二个“,”前为 million,第三个“,”前为 billion
1,001→one thousand and one
18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-sthree
6 , 260 , 309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three
hundred and nine
750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion
序数词
(1)一般在基数词后加 th
eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth
(2)不规则变化
one→first ,two→second,three→third ,five→fifth ,eight→eighth
,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth
(3)以 y 结尾的十位整数,变 y 为 ie 再加 th
twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth
(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位
的基数词变为序数词。
twenty-sfirst,two hundred and forty-sfifth
基数词转为序数词的口诀:
基变序,有规律,词尾加上-sth.
一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母 t,d,d.
八去 t,九去 e, ve 要用 f 替。
ty 将 y 变成 i,th 前面有个 e.
若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。
五、介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind 等
1.at 表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。
at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)
2.on
1)表示具体日期。
注:(1)关于"在周末"的几种表示法:
at(on)the weekend 在周末-s-s-s特指
at(on)weekends 在周末-s-s-s泛指
over the weekend 在整个周末
during the weekend 在周末期间
(2)在圣诞节,应说 at Christmas?而不说 on Christmas?
2)在(刚……)的时候。
On reaching the city he called up his parents.
一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。
3.in
1)表示"时段"、"时期",在多数情况下可以和 during 互换,前者强调对
比,后者强调持续。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八
八年(十二月、二十世纪)
六、动词:动词的四种时态
(1)一般现在时:
一般现在时的构成
1. be 动词:主语+y”be(am, is, are)+y”其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
2. 行为动词:主语+y”行为动词(+y”其它)。如:We study English. 我们学习
英语。
当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加"-ss"或"-ses"。如:
Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。
动词+y”s 的变化规则
1.一般情况下,直接加-ss,如:cook-scooks, milk-smilks
2. 以 s. x. sh. ch. o 结 尾 , 加 -ses , 如 : guess-sguesses, wash-swashes,
watch-swatches, go-sgoes
3.以“辅音字母+y”y”结尾,变 y 为 i, 再加-ses,如:study-sstudies
(2)一般过去时:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ]
动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:
A、规则动词
①一般直接在动词的后面加 ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
②以 e 结尾的动词直接加 d:如 lived , danced , used
③以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词要改 y 为 i 再加 ed(此类动词较少)如 study
– studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意 play、stay 不是辅音字母加
y,所以不属于此类)
④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped
B、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原
形和过去式:
sing – sang , eat – ate ,see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went ,
take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/e/ [æ] is –
was ,are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell –told , draw –
drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt ,
feel – felt
(3)一般将来时:
基本结构:
① be going to +y” do;
② will+y” do. be going to = will
I am going to go swimming tomorrow( 明 天 ). = I will go swimming
tomorrow.
(4)现在进行时:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ] am,is,are+y”动词现在分词
动词现在分词详解 动词的 ing 形式的构成规则:
①一般的直接在后面加上 ing , 如 doing , going , working , singing ,
eating
②以 e 结尾的动词,要先去 e 再加 ing ,如 having , writing
③ 双 写 最 后 一 个 字 母 的 ( 此 类 动 词 极 少 ) 有 : running , swimming ,
sitting , getting
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