1.感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel等
+ do表示动作的完整性，真实性;
+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性
2. 独立主格结构的特点：
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
该结构否定式：在非谓语动词前加直接Not
2009年专升本考试原题
20. ________finished his work, he had to stay at home at the weekend.
A. Having not been B. Being not
C. Not having D. Having not
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