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2020年军队职称英语《综合类》语法介绍:状语从句

来源: 2020-05-16 21:12

  各种从句的构成和意义 ---名词性从句和状语从句

  相关背景知识介绍:

  从句使用的目的: 为了表述比较复杂的语意;

  从句结构要在句子中充当某种语法功能;

  在一篇文章中各种从句结构常常是频繁出现,如:语言难度为C级的文章The Sea中的第一段:

  What do you know about the sea? We know that it looks very pretty(宾语从句) when the sun is shining on it(宾语从句中的时间状语从句)We also know that it can be very rough(宾语从句) when there is a strong wind. (宾语从句中的时间状语从句)What other things do we know about it?

  小结:

  从句通常有连词引导;

  有些从句结构与主句中的某些结构发生直接关系(如: 宾语从句等名词性从句), 有些从句与主句在语意上呈现明显的逻辑关系(如: 状语从句)

  这个段落中的从句结构与句子主句结构之间的关系清晰明了, 因此这些从句所在的复合句也很容易理解。 但有时候, 从句在句子所起的语法功能可能会由于句子使用了特殊的结构而变得不很清晰,如:

  形式主语结构:

  e.g. It was reported that the bank was robbed of more than one million dollars.

  主语从句

  e.g. It is certain that we shall succeed.

  主语从句

  rob sb./sth. of sth./盗劫某人…;抢夺某人…,使某人/某物丧失…

  特殊搭配结构:

  e.g. We take it that you would be appointed the director of the sales department.

  宾语从句

  sb. take it that … /某人以为…

  强调句型:

  e.g. It is the factory that we have been wanting to visit.

  e.g. It is I who am fortunate.

  有时从句与主句中的相关结构之间的关系还可能会由于在从句与主句之间插入了某些结构而变得不很清晰,如:

  I consider the news to be false that he was fired.

  从句结构作为职称英语考试中必须掌握的重要语法点, 在复习中我们要注意掌握引导各种从句结构的典型连词, 掌握从句结构在句子中所起的语法功能, 了解对引导从句结构的连词的处理, 了解在一些特殊句子结构中从句的使用。

  l 名词性从句(Noun Clause)

  一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句组成的句子称为复合句Complex sentence。主句是句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个成分而从属于主句。从句种类由从句在句中所起的作用而定。充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语和状语的从句分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。其中主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句在句中的作用相当于名词通常在句中所起的作用,因而统称为名词性从句(noun clause)。

  引导这些从句的词主要有三类:

  1. 从属连词:that (无词义,仅具有语法功能),whether (是否),if (是否)

  2. 连接代词:who, whom, whose, what, which

  3. 连接副词:when, where, why, how

  从属连词只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词除可起连接作用外,还充当句中的某一成分。

  Ⅰ、主语从句 (Subject Clause)

  e.g. That the sea covers about three-fourths of the earth’s surface is well known.

  e.g. Which design is more practical is still a question.

  按照英语习惯,有些句子可用it作形式主语,放在句首,而将主语从句放在后面,使句子更为平衡。如上面的句子可改为:

  e.g. It is well known that the sea covers about three-fourths of the earth’s surface.

  e.g. It is still a question which design is more practical.

  小结:

  主语从句通常位于主语的位置上, 但是有时也可能出现在句子的末尾部分(句子的结构是形式主语的结构). 当句子的主语是从句结构时, 谓语部分应该使用单数的形式.

  Ⅱ、宾语从句 (Object Clause)

  宾语从句可以作动词或介词的宾语。

  e.g. They tell me (that) the math course is difficult.

  e.g. I wonder whether (if) the refrigerator is large enough.

  e.g. Please let me know when the telephone will be installed.

  e.g. He informed me of what they wanted.

  比较:

  e.g. Please inform him of the fact that I’ve seen her.

  注:

  1. 宾语从句通常紧跟在动词和介词的后面。

  2. 引导宾语从句的连词“that”在口语和非正式文体中常可省略。

  3. whether和if都可以表示“是否”的意思,在口语中常可以互换,如上面第2个例句,“I wonder”后面既可用“whether”也可以用“if”引出宾语从句,意思不变。但如果作为介词的宾语,或后面跟有“…or not”,或引出主语从句时,则只用whether而不用if,如:

  e.g. It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation.

  e.g. Tell me whether you like the handbag or not.

  e.g. Whether they will join us hasn’t been made clear.

  他们是否参加我们的活动还不清楚。

  Ⅲ、表语从句

  表语从句与系词(以及半系动词)一起构成主句的谓语结构。

  e.g. My problem is how we can reduce this high temperature.

  我的问题是我们怎么能够降低这样的高温。

  e.g. Our conclusion is that, in view of 由于the drought, there is only enough water for two days.

  for: 就…而言

  e.g. It is rather cold for January.

  e.g. She is clever for her age

  e.g. It seems that it is going to rain. 表语从句

  It seems that …好像,似乎

  It seems to me that …我想,我以为

  e.g. The cloth feels as if it were made of silk. 表语从句

  Ⅳ、同位语从句

  同位语从句用以说明名词的内容,使之明确而具体化。跟有同位语从句的名词通常是一些需要进一步说明其具体内容与含义的名词。如conclusion, doubt, fact, fear, hope, idea, news, opinion, suggestion等。从句通常由that引导,有时也可由whether, what, when, where, why, how等引出。

  e.g.There is no doubt that he will succeed.

  毫无疑问,他一定成功。

  e.g.My opinion that no action need be taken yet is shared by most of us here.

  我的意见是现在还不需要采取行动,这是我们这里大多数人的共识。

  They haven’t have any idea when it is proper to take action. 对于什么时候适合采取行动, 他们还没有任何想法. /他们还没有想出什么时候适合采取行动

  提示:

  在翻译的过程中对同位语从句常常可以采取的处理方式是: “添词”(在同位语从句和从句前的名词之间添加谓语动词)+ “结构转换”(把同位语从句转换成宾语从句的结构)(如: 上面第2个例句); 或者采用“词性转换法+ 结构转换法”(把同位语从句前面的名词转换成动词,这样同位语从句也就转换成宾语从句(如: 上面第3个例句)

  接下来我们看看实际考题中的句子:

  (2002年综合A级考题阅读理解第3篇文章)

  Effects of Environmental Pollution

  Two spectres haunting conservationists have been the prospect(给“预测”这个中性词添加上了词语色彩, 变成担心, 接着把名词“担心”变成动词的“担心”))that environmental pollution might lead to the planets' becoming unbearably hot or cold. One of these ghosts has now been laid, because it seems that even an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to eight times its present value will produce an increase in temperature of only 2C, which would take place over several thousand years.

  各种从句的构成和意义 ---名词性从句和状语从句

  状语从句(The Adverbial Clause)

  在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句,可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。

  I. 时间状语从句

  时间状语从句通常有when(当……时候),whenever(在任何时候, 每当),as(当……时候,随着),while(在……期间,与……同时),before(在……以前),after (在……之后),since(自从……以来),as soon as (一……就),until( till) (直到……)等连词引导:

  如:

  e.g.A well-mannered person never laughs at people when they are in trouble.

  e.g.Whenever the manager is out, his assistant signs the letters.

  e.g.The Premier is now at the door greeting his guests as they arrive.

  e.g.While Betty was getting dressed, she kept looking at the clock.

  e.g.He talked to the blind girl as the train pulled out of the station.

  e.g.The fields don’t require irrigation until weather is dry in the summer.

  II. 地点状语从句

  地点状语从句通常由where (哪里,在……地方),wherever( 无论什么地方)等

  连词引导:

  e.g.When previewing a new lesson, make marks where you have questions.

  预习新课时,在你有问题时做个记号。

  e.g.Please take this suitcase and put it wherever you can find enough space.

  请提着这个小箱子,找一个有空的地方放着。

  III. 原因状语从句

  原因状语从句通常由because (因为),since(既然,由于),as (因为,由于)等连词引导:

  e.g.We didn’t go to that restaurant again because the service was poor.

  因为服务太差,我们不再去那个餐馆吃饭了。

  e.g.Since numerous objections were made, the plan was not accepted.

  既然有很多人反对,计划就没有通过。

  e.g.As Venus is the brightest planet, we can sometimes see it in the daytime.

  由于金星是最光亮的行星,我们有时白天能看到它。

  注:because 表示有必然的因果关系,“原因”意味最强,since表示一种间接或附带的原因,有汉语“既然”的意义,较because稍弱。as 表示“原因”的意味更弱。

  IV.目的状语从句

  目的状语从句通常由that (为了,以便),so that(为了,以便),in order that(为了,以便),lest (以免,以防)等连词引导:

  e.g.Bring the picture closer that I can see it better.

  e.g.The material for building the bridge must be very strong so that it may not break in use.为使桥梁不致在使用中断裂,建造桥梁的材料强度必须非常高。

  e.g.He checked all his figures again in order that the report might be as accurate as possible.

  他把所有的数字又检查了一次,为的是使报告尽可能准确。

  e.g.Please remind me of it again tomorrow, lest I (should) forget.

  请你明天再提醒我一下,免得我忘记。

  V. 结果状语从句

  结果状语从句通常由so that(结果,以至), so…that(如此…以致),such…that(这样的…以致)

  等连词引导,表示结果。

  e.g.Steel has many advantages so that it is widely used in industry.

  e.g.So many people applied for the job that he spent the entire day giving interviews.

  有那么多人申请这份工作,以致他花了一整天时间进行面试。

  e.g.It was such a worthy cause that we contributed a generous amount of money.

  这项事业很有价值,因此我们捐赠了大量款项.

  注: so that 既可表示“目的”,也可表示“结果”的含义。表示“目的”时,从句中通常出现may(might), can (could), should, would等情态动词, 但表示“结果”的从句有时也可用情态动词,所以有时需要根据上下文来判断从句所表示的逻辑关系。

  VI.条件状语从句

  条件状语从句通常由if (如果),unless(除非,若不),suppose(supposing)(假设),provided(假若), in case(如果),as(so)long as (只要)等连词引导,表示假设条件。

  e.g.If the car is powered by electricity, there will be less pollution.

  e.g.Unless you study hard, you won’t get a scholarship.

  e.g.Provided/Suppose/Given there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

  假若没有反对意见,我们将在这儿开会.

  e.g.The mass meeting will be put off in case it rains.

  万一下雨,群众大会将延期.

  VII. 让步状语从句.

  让步状语从句通常although(though)(虽然),as(虽然),while(虽然),even if (though)(即使),however(不管怎样),whatever(不管,无论什么),no matter what(how, where, when)不管什么(怎样哪里何时),whether…or (不管…还是)等连词引导:

  如:

  e.g.He will not reveal the secret though (even if )he knows it .

  虽然(纵使)他知道这个秘密,他却(也)不肯说出来.

  e.g.The galaxy, vast as it is , is only a small island in the endless universe.银河系虽然浩瀚,但在茫茫无际的宇宙中仅是一个小岛而已.

  e.g.While this is true of some, it is not true of all.

  这件事虽然对一些人适用,但并非对所有人都适用.

  e.g.We’ll carry our experiment through no matter what obstacles we should have in our way.

  不管在我们道路上有什么障碍,我们一定要把试验进行到底.

  e.g.However hard you try, you won’t be able to do it alone.

  无论你多努力,一个人也做不好.

  e.g.Whether you like it or not, you’ll have to do it.

  你必须做这件事,不管你喜欢不喜欢.

  职称英语核心词汇推荐:

  cancer n. 癌;肿瘤;

  candidate n. 候选人,投考者;

  (B级)capability n. (实际)能力,性能,容量(at full capacity/以全(部)力(量);满功率,满负载; to capacity/达最大限度、满负载); (capability – ability – capacity能力)

  capable adj. 有能力的,能干的;有可能的(be capable of/[指人]有……的能力或倾向;[指物]易于); (capable -- able)

  capital n. 首都,资本;

  captain n. 船长,舰长,机长, (球队的)队长, 指挥者

  capture v. 俘获,捕获, 夺取,夺得(奖品等) (capture -catch捕获)

  car n. 汽车;小汽车; (= motor car);客车,[铁]车厢;

  card n. 纸牌;卡片;

  care n. 注意;照料;照顾;喜爱(care for/喜欢;照顾; take care/当心; take care of/照料;关怀;处理; with care/小心; care about/关心;担心; care nothing about/对……漠不关心;对……毫不介意); (care for – like – love –enjoy – be fond of喜欢)

  career n.事业;(career woman/职业妇女); (career – profession 职业)

  careful adj. 小心的,仔细的(be careful about/注意);

  careless adj. 粗心的;疏忽的;

  carry v. 携带,运送(carry on/继续; carry out/实现;完成;实行; carry through/帮(某人)渡过难关);

  case n. 事;病例;案例;情形;场合(in case/以防;可能;in case of/如果;万一; in any case/无论如何; in most cases/大多数情况下);

  cash n. 现金 v. 兑现( to pay (in) cash/现金支付; short of cash/缺钱);

  cast v. 投,扔, 【冶金】浇铸,铸造, 撒网(cast – throw投,扔)

  casual adj. 随便的;不经意的;临时的;(casual – informal随便的)

  cat n. 猫;猫科动物(如猫、虎、狮等) (rain cats and dogs/下倾盆大雨);

  catch v. 捕获;赶上(车船等);发觉;感染(疾病);抓住 (catch up with/赶上, catch a cold/感冒; catch attention/引起注意); (catch – grasp – grip – seize抓住)

  category n. 类型,部门,种类 (category –kind种类)

  cater v. 备办食物;满足(需要);投合(cater for/替(某人)办酒席; cater to/迎合;投合); (cater for – satisfy – meet满足(需要))

  cause n. 原因;事业 v. 引起,促成 (cause – bring about引起) (cause –reason原因)

  (B级)cautious adj. 谨慎的,小心的 (be cautious of 留意,谨防)(cautious -- careful)

  cease v. 停,终止(cease – stop - end)

  celebrate v. 举行(仪式);庆祝(胜利等)

  cell n.小房间, 【生物学】细胞;【电学】电池

  central adj. 中心的,中央的, 重要的,主要的 (central - important)

  center n. 中心, 中枢,核心;中心人物 (center – heart – core – middle中心)

  相关词汇考题分析:

  (变形于CET -4, 1997, 6)

  1. Housewives who do not go out to work feel they are not working to their full ability.

  A. capacity B. strength C. length D. possibility

  1. A. 分析: ability – capacity – capability 能力

  work to one’s full ability/capacity/capability 充分地发挥自己的能力

  strength力,力量,体力 (with all one's strength 尽力)

  length长度, 程度,范围(at full length充分地)

  possibility (= probability 可能性)( The probability is that ... /很可能是…; There is no probability of [that] ... /很难会...)

  (变形于CET -4, 1989.1)

  2. The newest satellite can send a thousand telephone conversations and a color TV program at the same time.

  A. carry B. extend C. bring D. take

  2. A. 分析: send – carry输送

  extend伸出(手等), 延(期), 扩大,扩展

  bring拿来,带来, 产生

  take取得;获得, 带去, 接受(礼物等), 听从(忠告), 担负(责任), 耗费(时间等)

  carry 搬运,装运, 含有(意义);附带(权利、义务等)

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