2020年军队职称英语《综合类》语法介绍：动词语态

　　动词的语态及主谓一致的原则

　　相关背景知识介绍：

　　2005年卫生类C级阅读理解部分文章

　　From saving money

　　(Where you save your money depends on what you are saving for). (1)If you are saving to buy a CD(光盘) or go to a concert, then probably you would keep your money somewhere in your room.

　　(2)When you keep your money in a bank, your money earns interest. …(3)The bank uses your money to loan money to people and business.

　　(4)The bank will send you a statement several times a year. (5)A bank statement tells you how much money you have in your bank.

　　这篇文章的基调事态是一般现在时态, 用于对文章的主题”存钱”进行客观的讲述, 客观的分析在现在的生活中如何存钱.文章中句子的时态, 无论是主句时态还是从句时态一般都与现在时态相关

　　要点回顾:

　　主句和从句时态一致性;

　　文章中相临语句时态通常彼此呼应, 一致;

　　英语中的动词语态是用来说明句中主语与谓语之间关系的动词形式。英语语态有两种:主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。我们在实际应用中经常会碰到被动语态的句子，如：

　　理工类from Please Fasten Your Seatbelt

　　“laser pulses are sent ahead of the plane and these are then reflected back by particles in the air.”

　　被动语态的结构在职称英语的文章中, 甚至在考题中出现的频率都较高, 如:

　　2005年理工类阅读判断文章The Smog

　　But smog is not just an Asian problem. In fact, the word was first used in London in 1905 to describe the mixture of smoke and thick fog. … Sometimes the smog was so thick and poisonous that people were killed by breathing problems or in accidents.

　　在文章后面的问题中被动语态也是频繁地被使用, 如:The Smog这篇文章后面的第6题:

　　6. The forest animals haven’t been affected by the smog.

　　如:阅读理解Pushbike Danger后的第2题:

　　2. How many abdominal injuries in children were caused by bicycle accidents?

　　在2005年理工C的考题中还有其他不少地方出现了被动语态的结构, 从上面的例子中我们可以了解到:

　　1. 英语中被动语态的基本结构是: be + v.ed

　　2. “be + v.ed”这个结构相当于中文中的“被”，“受到”等含义。

　　3. 英语中的被动语态会有不同的时态表现形式，如：is caused; was caused; has been caused; had been caused等。

　　绝大多数的及物动词和及物动词短语都可构成被动语态。不及物动词或不及物动词的短语动词和表示状态的词无被动语态。

　　“主谓一致”(“主语和谓语人称和数一致性的原则”)的原则具体来说就是“主语的人称和数决定了谓语部分动词的形态”，我们刚才看到的那些句子中主语和谓语之间的关系也是受到主谓一致性的影响：

　　Where you save your money depends on what you are saving for. (1)If you are saving to buy a CD(光盘) or go to a concert, then probably you would keep your money somewhere in your room.

　　(2)When you keep your money in a bank, your money earns interest. …(3)The bank uses your money to loan money to people and business.

　　(4)The bank will send you a statement several times a year. (5)A bank statement tells you how much money you have in your bank.

　　在以往的职称英语考题中“主谓一致”这个考点会直接在完型填空题中出现。从近几年的职称英语考题来看—完型填空题把主要考察重点放在词汇/短语的词义辨析，词汇/短语的拼写形式的辨别， 和词汇/短语的搭配使用特点上。对“主谓一致”考察通常是间接地进行的, 最常见的就是考察对文章中结构较为复杂的句子句意的理解, 如:2005年理工类C级阅读理解的文章:

　　(Almost Human??)

　　Machines that walk, speak and feel are no longer science fiction.

　　被动语态结构

　　Ⅰ、被动语态的形式

　　被动语态是由be (助动词)+过去分词(及物动词)构成。be随主语的人称、时态和数的不同而变化。现将被动语态的各种时态形式列表如下(以provide为例)

	一般时态	进行时态	完成时态
现在	am provided is provided are provided	am being provided is being provided are being provided	has been provided have been provided
过去	was provided were provided	was being provided were being provided	had been provided
将来	shall be provided will be provided		shall have been provided will have been provided
过去将来	should be provided would be provided		should have been provided would have been provided

　　黑体结构是在职称英语考试中常出现的结构。

　　注：

　　① 在美语中,will和would可用于各种人称。

　　② 被动语态的一般疑问句和否定句的构成:构成一般疑问句时,将主语后的第一个助动词提至句首; 构成否定句时,将not加在第一个助动词后。例如:

　　Natural gas has been found in this area. (肯定句)

　　Has natural gas been found in this area? (疑问句)

　　Natural gas has not been found in this area. (否定句)

　　③ 带有情态动词的被动语态的构成:由情态动词can, may, must等加助动词be,再加过去分词构成。这些情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如：

　　Such shops can be seen everywhere in the city.

　　The composition must be finished next week.

　　Ⅱ、主动句转换为被动句：

　　主动句变为被动句是通过这样转换而实现的:

　　1.把主动句的宾语转换为被动句的主语;

　　2.把主动句的谓语换成被动语态;

　　3.把主动句的主语前加by构成短语,放在被动语态的谓语之后。此by…短语根据需要而定，有时可以省略。

　　如： We use coal　　 to heat homes.

　　动作执行者(主语)　　 谓语　　 宾语(动作承受者)　　状语

　　Coal is used by us to heat homes.

　　动作承受者 谓语 动作执行者 状语

　　注：

　　① 带有介词或副词的短语动词，如call on, carry out, look after, take care of等用被动语态时,应视为不可分割的一部分,后面的介饲或副词不能丢掉,如:

　　主动句：Grandma looks after my younger brother well.

　　被动句：My younger brother is well looked after (by my grandma).

　　接下来我们一块来分析几个选自《职称英语等级考试用书》上的句子：

　　1. Cement was seldom used in building during the Middle Ages.

　　(From Dyslexia )

　　2. Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and the United States more than 80 years ago.

　　3 However, research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females, and it is found more often in persons who are left-handed.

　　主谓一致原则

　　主谓一致是指句中的主语和谓语的一致。我们一般遵从三个原则：

　　1、 语法一致的原则：

　　语法一致的原则是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要与其相呼应。但我们要注意一些特殊情况;

　　1) 以along with, together with, as well as, accompanied by, rather than, but, except连接的两个主语，其谓语的单复数以第一个主语为主。

　　e.g. Several passengers, together with the driver, were hurt.

　　e.g. All students but/except Tom are going to see the film.

　　e.g. It is Mary rather than her students who is leaving for Beijing.

　　2) 表示时间，重量，长度，价格等的复数名词，作主语从整体来看时，谓语动词用单数。

　　e.g. Fifty years is not a long time.

　　3) 非谓语动词，从句或其他短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。

　　e.g. To eat an apple every day is healthful.

　　e.g. What I want to know is when I could go home.

　　4) 如果主语是由and连接的两个单数名词，但前面有each, every, no等词修饰时，谓语用单数

　　e.g. Every boy and girl in this region is taught to read and write.

　　2、 意义一致的原则：

　　意义一致的原则指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志，主要表现为某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数。如果这些集体名词指整体概念时，谓语动词用单数;指具体成员时用复数。类似这样的集体名词有：family, class, audience, committee, crowd, crew, group, population, team, public, council, village等。

　　e.g. His family has lived there for more than twenty years.。

　　e.g. My family are all well.

　　e.g. The public/ the crowd is the best judge.

　　3、 就近原则：

　　所谓就近原则是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的词。

　　1) 以either…or, or, neither…nor和not only…but also连接的两个主语，其谓语的单复数形式应与离谓语最近的主语保持一致。

　　e.g. Either you or he has to go there with me.

　　2) 由there或here引起的主语，而又不止是一个时，采取就近原则。

　　e.g. Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.

　　对于“主谓语一致”原则的直接考察一般是出自于完型填空题中，但现在职称英语出题的趋势是对这种语法点的直接考察题越来越少了，但这种原则的理解却能帮助我们解答一些文章阅读方面的问题。如：2002年综合类A级阅读理解第3篇文章：Effects of Environmental Pollution 一文中有这样一道题：

　　The word "spectres" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to

　　A. pollution

　　B. carbon dioxide二氧化物

　　C. aerosols

　　D. ghosts

　　D. 分析: 文章相关句是：Two spectres haunting conservationists have hold: the prospect前途;形势that environmental pollution might lead to the planet's becoming unbearably hot or cold.该句中的two以及谓语结构 have been都说明"spectres"是可数的复述名词，所以可以直接排除A和B, 答案只能出字C和D, 现在有两个方法继续解题: 1. 借助字典, 查出"spectres"是“幽灵;鬼影”， C和D中只有D是“鬼，幽灵”，因此D是答案; 2。 借助句意或避重就轻借助上下文：接下来的一句说：One of these ghosts has now been laid, because it seems that even an increase in the amount of …,句子中的these ghosts(这些幽灵)表明这个短语的内容与前句中的相关内容(复数名词)呼应, 前句中的中的复数名词只有Two spectres 和conservationists(自然资源保护论者), 因此判断Two spectres和these ghosts呼应, 所以答案是D. 该题考察代词的指代内容.

　　职称英语核心词汇推荐:

　　benefit n.利益, 好处, v.有益于, 有助于, (常与from, by连用)获益;得益于(for the benefit of/为了...的好处);

　　beside prep.在…旁边(beside the point/离题; beside oneself/几乎发狂);

　　besides prep. 除…以外adv. 此外, 而且 ( besides 和except 都含“除...外”的意思。besides指“除...外, 另外还有”, 着重“另外还有”, 如:I have five other books besides this.除这本以外, 我还有五本别的书。except的含意是“从整体里减去一部分”, 着重于“排除在外”, 如:We all went there except Xiao Li.除了小李以外, 我们都到那儿去 )

　　best (good 的最高级; well 的最高级) adj.最好的adv.最好地,n 最好的东西(try/do one's best to do sth./尽最大的努力做..; the best and the worst最好的和最差的; make the best of/ 尽量利用; at best/至多)

　　better (good 的比较级; well 的比较级)adj.较好的，更好的，(健康)好转的adv.更好地,更多地 (Better late than never.(谚)迟做总比不做好; had better do sth. 最好做..; had better not to so sth. /最好不做..);

　　between prep. 在(两者)之间; 处在...之间 (between一般用于两者之间，而 among用于二者以上)

　　beyond prep. [表示位置]在[向]...的那边, 在...之外; [表示范围, 限度]超出

　　bicycle n. 自行车 (ride a bicycle/骑自行车)

　　big (bigger, biggest) adj.大的, 重要的

　　bill n. 帐单, 钞票(a 10-dollar bill/一张10美元的钞票; pay the bill for../ 付..的帐单)

　　billion n. adj.十亿(的)

　　bind (bound, bound) v. 捆, 绑, 缚, 扎, (用绷带)包扎(up), 约束, 使粘合(bind up a wound/包扎伤口)

　　biological adj. 生物学，生物学的;

　　bird n. 鸟(birds of a feather/同类的人;一丘之貉 kill 2 birds with one stone/一举两得，一箭双雕); birth n. 出生，诞生，起源(give birth to/生育, 引起)

　　birthday n. 生日;

　　bit (bite 的过去式和过去分词) n.小块;少许(a bit (of)/ 有点;稍微; bit by bit/渐渐，一点一点);

　　bitter adj. 苦的，痛苦的

　　black adj. 黑色的;弄脏了的

　　blame v.指责，归咎把(某事)责任归于…(blame sb. for sth. /因某事责备某人);

　　blank adj. 空白的，空着的;没有表情的 n. 空白，[美] 表格;

　　blind adj. 瞎的，盲目的(turn a blind eye (to)/不去注意..);

　　block n. 木块;石块;街区(a block of rock/一块石头)

　　blood n. 血，血液; (Blood is thicker than water. /血浓于水。

　　bloody adj. 血腥的;有血的;

　　(B级)bloom n. 花;旺盛 v. (使)开花;(使)繁盛， (come into bloom/开花);

　　blow: v. (风)吹, 喘气;吹气, (轮胎等)爆炸

　　blue n. 蓝色;adj. 蓝色的;

　　board n. 木板;(供特殊用途的)木板;部(on board/在船上;在公共交通工具内a board of directors/董事会);

　　boat: n. 船

　　body n. 身体;尸体;主要部分;(with body and soul/全心全意);

　　相关词汇练习题:

　　(CET-4, 2000.1)

　　1. We take our skin for granted until it is burned ___ repair.

　　A. beyond B. for C. without D. under

　　1. A. 分析: 根据句意“我们一直认为我们的皮肤不会出问题，直到它被烧伤，…修复”， 判断A(超过了…的范围).

　　leave [sail] for London 动身[坐船]到伦敦去

　　have a liking for music 爱好音乐

　　a house for rent 〔美国〕房屋出租

　　without taking leave 假也不请(就…)

　　under a tree 在树下

　　under medical treatment 在治疗中

　　take sth. for granted: 认为…不会出问题

　　(变形于考研, 1994)

　　2. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes empty, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.

　　A. dim b. blank C. faint D. vain

　　2. B. 分析: blank – empty –bare 空的，空虚的

　　dim – faint模糊的

　　faint软弱的，无力的, 模糊的

　　vain .徒然的, 自负的