大学英语：made from among alternative courses of action 是过去分词短语作定语

　　courses of action 行动方针

　　that are available 是定语从句，修饰概念短语“行动方针”

　　2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.

　　此句是由that引导的表语从句，表语从句由a problem exist; goals of objectives are wrong;

　　及something is standing in the way of accomplishing them三个并列句构成。

　　The reason for … is that 是一个常用的句子。例： The reason for canceling the travel is that

　　they lack of money. 取消旅行的原因是他们手头缺钱。

　　The reason why … 是另外一个常用的句子。例：There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance .他们不愿意谈论保险的原因有三个。