【轻松备考】高中英语语法解析　非谓语动词

 非谓语动词和谓语动词都表示动作,但两者的性质,地位不同。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。

2．分词作主语补足语

难点形成原因：

1.分不清什么是补足语。

2.分不清何时用现在分词、何时用过去分词。

3.遇到时容易和其他知识点混淆。

4.练得不多、用得不熟。

解决办法：

1.通过练习强化。

2.多做题,通过做练习，慢慢渗透。

用法讲解：

一、概念

分词作主语补足语和宾语补足语其实是同一成分用于两种不同的句式中。具体地说，主动态句子中的宾语补足语就是被动态句子中的主语补足语。先了解宾语补足语，则很容易了解主语补足语。

宾语补足语：在英语(论坛)中，某些及物动词不仅需要宾语，而且还要求某个词或词组来补充说明宾语，即表示宾语代表的人或物所发出的动作或所处的状态，这个词或短语称为宾语补足语。有些语法书把宾语和补足语称为复合宾语。

句型：及物动词+宾语（n./pron.）+ 宾语补足语（n./ adj./ adv./ to do/ -ing/ -ed/ 介词短语 共7种表示法）

该句型若变成被动语态，即将宾语提到句首作主语，原主动语态中的宾语补足语此时在被动语态中起到补充说明主语的作用，所以改称主语补足语。例如：

A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.（2003年全国卷）

此句中 smoking 是主语 he的补足语，所以称为主语补足语。

A cook will be immediately fired if someone finds him smoking in the kitchen.

此句中 smoking 是宾语 him 的补足语，所以称为宾语补足语。

二、何时用现在分词、何时用过去分词作主语（宾语）补足语

分词作主语（宾语）补足语时，若主语（宾语）与分词之间是主动关系，则用现在分词表示主动；如果主语（宾语）与分词之间是被动关系，则用过去分词表示被动。例如：

He was heard singing in the next room.

He was singing. 主语 he 与补足语"唱歌"之间是主动关系, 故用现在分词 singing。

One of the glasses was found broken.

One of the glasses was broken. 主语 one of the glasses 与补足语"打破"之间是被动关系, 故用过去分词 broken。

Don't leave the water running while you brush your teeth.（2004年天津卷）

The water is running. 宾语 the water 与补足语"淌"之间是主动关系，故用现在分词 running。

三、可以用分词作主语或宾语补足语的动词

要会使用分词作补足语，必须记住哪些动词可以接分词充当补足语。

1. 感官动词 feel，hear，listen to，see，watch，notice，observe，look at（一感二听五看）及 find 等既可以接现在分词又可以接过去分词充当补足语。如：

If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air moving against your face.

The air can be felt moving against your face, if you wave your book in front of your face.

The next morning she found the man lying in bed, dead.

The next morning the man was found lying in bed, dead.

2．表示"致使"动词 get，have，leave 等既可以接现在分词又可以接过去分词充当补足语。

--Good morning. Can I help you?

--I'd like to have the package weighed, madam.（MET89）

3. 表示"意欲；命令"的动词如 like，want，wish，order等常接过去分词充当补足语。如：

You must tell us exactly what you would like done. 你必须准确地告诉我们该做什么。

The father wants his daughter taught the piano. 这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。

I wish it done quickly. 我希望很快将此事做完。

注意：set，start，catch 常跟现在分词作宾语补足语，make 常跟过去分词作宾语补足语。如：

set sb. thinking, start sb. coughing,

He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.（2004年北京春季卷）

The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself heard. （NMET91）

典例精析：

1. I smell something ___________ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? （2007全国I）

A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt

答案：A。

解析：smell something burning"闻着什么东西在燃烧而发出糊味"强调这个动作正在进行。burning 作宾语补足语。something burnt "烧焦了的东西"表示一种状态。所以选 A。

2. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother's voice ______ him. (2007年上海卷)

A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call

答案：A。

解析：hear sb. doing sth. 意为"听到某人在做某事"。动词+ing表示主动，the child heard his mother's voice calling him表示"孩子听见他母亲喊他"。hear sth. done 表示"听见某事被做了"。所以选 A。

3. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _____ in a short period. （2007年福建卷）

A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve

答案：A。

解析：have sth. done 表示"使某事被做"，have her written English improved "使她的书面英语得到提高"。动词+ed 形式作宾语补足语表示被动。have sb. doing sth. 意为"使某人一直在做某事"表主动。have sb. do sth. 意为"使某人做某事"表主动，do 前必须省略 to。所以选 A。

4. -- Did Peter fix the computer himself?

-- He ______, because he doesn't know much about computers. (2007安徽)

A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it

答案：C。

解析：have sth. done 表示"使某事被做或请别人做某事"，动词+ed 形式作宾语补足语表示被动。由 because he doesn't know much about computers 可判断出，他找别人维修了电脑。所以选 C。