2019年英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析（一）

A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “ American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, ” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, “ It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, ” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “ a golden age of business management in the United States. ”
11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because_____.
[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____.
[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
13. What can be inferred from the passage?
[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the____.
[A]turning of the business cycle
[B]restructuring of industry
[C]improved business management
[D]success in education
名师解析
11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because_____.
美国在二战后取得优势地位是因为 _____ 。
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal.
它为该目标付出了艰巨的努力。
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before.
它的国内市场比以前大八倍。
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors.
战争摧毁了大多数潜在竞争对手的经济。
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy.
它无与伦比的劳动力规模给了经济推动力。
【答案】 C
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 第一段指出，“二战后，美国就进入了这样的一个辉煌的历史时期。它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是技术最好的。美国及其民众的富庶是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧洲人和亚洲人连做梦也不敢想的”。因此利用排除法，确定答案是 [A] 。
12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____.
上个世纪 80 年代美国优势地位的丧失可以从美国 _______ 事实中看出来。
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
电视工业已经退到国内市场
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
半导体产业已经被外国公司接管
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
机床业已经自取灭亡
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
汽车工业已经丧失了部分国内市场
【答案】 D
【考点】 事实细节题。
【分析】 [A] 选项错误，因为第二段中说“到 1987 年，美国只剩下 Zenith 这一家电视生产商。 ( 现在这一家也没有了： Zenith 于 7 月被韩国 LG 电器公司收购。 ) ”说明它连国内市场也保不住了。 [B] 选项错误，文中第二段最后一句提到，“在一段时间内，半导体制造业似乎要成为下一个受害者”，可是事实上没有。 [C] 选项中谈到的机床业已经自取灭亡的说法错误，因为文中提到机床制造业“岌岌可危” (on the ropes) ，但是还没有灭亡呢。 [D] 是合适的，因为第二段第六句提到，“进口车和纺织品横扫国内市场”。
13. What can be inferred from the passage?
从本文中可以推断出哪个选项？
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间摇摆是人的本性。
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
经济的复苏依靠国际的合作。
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
一个长期成功的经历会为进一步的发展铺平道路。
【答案】 B
【考点】 推断题。
【分析】 第三段提到，“所有这一切导致了信心危机。美国人不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始怀疑自己的商业经营方式出了问题，也怀疑不久他们的收入就会下降。 20 世纪 80 年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因作了一次又一次的调查。那些有时耸人听闻的结果中充满着对来自国外的加剧的经济竞争的警告”。第四段提到了“ 90 年代的经济复苏。其中的含义是：在竞争的压力下，美国人在 80 年代产业结构调整，美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了急智，因此带来了 90 年代的经济复苏”。因此可以得出激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。另外三个选项都不合适。
14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the____.
作者似乎相信美国经济在上个世纪 90 年代的复苏可以归结于 ____ 。
[A]turning of the business cycle 经济周期的转折
[B]restructuring of industry 行业重组
[C]improved business management 改善了的工商管理
[D]success in education 教育的成功
【答案】 A
【考点】 作者观点题。
【分析】 在第四段，作者指出，“ 1995 年，美国可以对过去 5 年的稳步发展作一回顾，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代”。这里作者实际上对当前美国人的盲目乐观情绪进行了批评，认为 90 年代的增长是由美元贬值或经济周期的转机等因素造成的。 [B] 是“ Richard Cavanaugh ”的看法。 [C] 是“ Stephen Moore ”的看法。 [D] 选项文中没有提及。
难句解析 ：
For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
【结构分析】 本句的主句是：“ it looked as though the making of semiconductors was going to be the next casualty ”。有两个定语从句，分别是：“ which America had invented ”和“ which sat at the heart of the new computer age ”。
全文翻译：
长时间不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但若处理得当，它也有可能转化为一种积极动力。二战后，美国就进入了这样的一个辉煌的历史时期。它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是技术最好的。美国及其民众的富庶是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧洲人和亚洲人连做梦也不敢想的。
当其他国家逐渐富有，美国从这一领先地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。同样不可避免的是其从领先地位上退出的痛苦。到了 20 世纪 80 年代中期，日益衰退的工业竞争力让美国人感到茫然不知所措。一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，在国外竞争面前，已经萎缩或消失。到 1987 年，美国只剩下 Zenith 这一家电视生产商。 ( 现在这一家也没有了： Zenith 于当年 7 月被韩国 LG 电器公司收购。 ) 外国制造的汽车和纺织品正横扫国内市场。美国的机床工业也岌岌可危。有一段时间，好像下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。
所有这一切导致了信心危机。美国人不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始怀疑自己的商业经营方式出了问题，也怀疑不久他们的收入就会下降。 20 世纪 80 年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因作了一次又一次的调查。那些有时耸人听闻的结果中充满着对来自国外的加剧的经济竞争的警告。
情况的变化可真快啊！ 1995 年，美国可以对过去 5 年的稳步发展作一回顾，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了急智”，哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德·卡佛纳如是说。华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬 · 莫尔说：“作为一个美国人我感到自豪，因为看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率。” 哈佛商学院的威廉 · 萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。