正确使用口罩对抗H1N1

　　This document provides interim guidance on the use of masks in communities that have reported community-level outbreaks caused by the new Influenza A(H1N1) virus. It will be revised as more data become available.

 

　　本文件提供了在据报告新的甲型H1N1流感病毒导致流感暴发的社区内使用口罩的临时指南。在掌握更多资料后，将对之作出修订。

 

　　Background 背景

 

　　At present, evidence suggests that the main route of human-to-human transmission of the new Influenza A (H1N1) virus is via respiratory droplets, which are expelled by speaking, sneezing or coughing.

 

　　目前，证据表明，新的甲型H1N1流感病毒在人与人之间传播的主要途径是通过讲话、打喷嚏或咳嗽时呼吸道产生的飞沫。

 

　　Any person who is in close contact (approximately 1 metre) with someone who has influenza-like symptoms (fever, sneezing, coughing, running nose, chills, muscle ache etc) is at risk of being exposed to potentially infective respiratory droplets.

 

　　任何人如与有流感样症状（发烧、打喷嚏、咳嗽、流鼻涕、打寒战、肌肉疼痛等）的人密切接触（大约一米之内），即有可能暴露于潜在的感染性呼吸道飞沫前。

 

　　In health-care settings, In health-care settings, studies evaluating measures to reduce the spread of respiratory viruses suggest that the use of masks could reduce the transmission of influenza.2 Advice on the use of masks in health-care settings is accompanied by information on additional measures that may have impact on its effectiveness, such as training on correct use, regular supplies and proper disposal facilities. In the community, however, the benefits of wearing masks has not been established, especially in open areas, as opposed to enclosed spaces while in close contact with a person with influenza-like symptoms.

 

　　在卫生保健设施，评估减少呼吸道病毒传播的措施的研究报告表明，使用口罩可减少流感的传播。[2] 关于在卫生保健设施中使用口罩的建议附带了有关信息，说明采取哪些额外措施可增进其效力，例如培训正确使用、正常供应和适当处置设施。然而，在社区中，尤其是在露天环境，相对于在封密空间中与显示流感样症状的个人密切接触的情况，戴口罩的好处尚未得到确证。

 

　　Nonetheless, many individuals may wish to wear masks in the home or community setting, particularly if they are in close contact with a person with influenza-like symptoms, for example while providing care to family members. Furthermore, using a mask can enable an individual with influenza-like symptoms to cover their mouth and nose to help contain respiratory droplets, a measure that is part of cough etiquette.

 

　　无论如何，许多人在家中或社区中可能会戴口罩，尤其是在与有流感样症状的人密切接触时，例如，在护理家庭成员时。此外，使用口罩可使有流感样症状的个人遮盖其嘴和鼻子，避免呼吸道飞沫扩散，这一措施构成了咳嗽礼仪的一部分。

 

　　Using a mask incorrectly however, may actually increase the risk of transmission, rather than reduce it. If masks are to be used, this measure should be combined with other general measures to help prevent the human-to-human transmission of influenza, training on the correct use of masks and consideration of cultural and personal values.

 

　　然而，口罩使用不正确实际上可能增加传播风险，而不是减少风险。如果使用口罩，此一措施应辅以预防人与人之间流感传播的其他一般性措施，对正确使用口罩的培训，并考虑到文化和个人价值观。

 

　　General advice 一般性建议

 

　　It is important to remember that in the community setting the following general measures may be more important than wearing a mask in preventing the spread of influenza.

 

　　应当注意，在社区环境中，就预防流感传播而言，下列一般性措施可能比戴口罩更重要。

 

　　For individuals who are well 对身体状况良好者

 

　　Maintain distance of at least 1 metre from any individual with influenza-like symptoms, and:

 

　　与有流感样症状者保持至少一米距离；

 

　　· refrain from touching mouth and nose;

 

　　· 避免触摸嘴和鼻子；

 

　　· perform hand hygiene frequently, by washing with soap and water or using an alcoholbased handrub 3 , especially if touching the mouth and nose and surfaces that are potentially contaminated;

 

　　· 使用香皂和水或酒精洁手液[3]，经常保持手部卫生，尤其是在触摸嘴和鼻子以及可能感染的表面之后；

 

　　· reduce as much as possible the time spent in close contact with people who might be ill;

 

　　· 尽可能减少与可能染病者的密切接触时间；

 

　　· reduce as much as possible the time spent in crowded settings;

 

　　· 尽可能减少在公共场合逗留的时间；

 

　　· improve airflow in your living space by opening windows as much as possible.

 

　　· 尽可能频繁开窗，增进居住空间的空气流动。

 

　　For individuals with influenza-like symptoms 对有流感样症状者

 

　　· stay at home if you feel unwell and follow the local public health recommendations;

 

　　· 如果感觉不适应留在家中，并遵从当地医嘱；

 

　　· keep distance from well individuals as much as possible (at least 1 metre);

 

　　· 尽可能与未患病者保持距离（至少一米）；

 

　　· cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, with tissues or other suitable materials, to contain respiratory secretions. Dispose of the material immediately after use or wash it. Clean hands immediately after contact with respiratory secretions;

 

　　· 在咳嗽或打喷嚏时，用纸巾或其他合适材料掩住口部和鼻子，控制呼吸道分泌液。此类材料在使用后立即处置或清洗。在接触呼吸道分泌液后立即洗手；

 

　　· improve airflow in your living space by opening windows as much as possible.

 

　　· 尽可能频繁开窗，增进居住空间的空气流动。

 

　　· If masks are worn, proper use and disposal is essential to ensure they are potentially effective and to avoid any increase in risk of transmission associated with the incorrect use of masks.

 

　　· 如果戴口罩，必须正确使用和处置，以确保其效力，避免因不正确使用口罩增加传播风险。

 

　　The following information on correct use of masks derives from the practices in health-care settings: 正确使用口罩

 

　　· place mask carefully to cover mouth and nose and tie securely to minimise any gaps between the face and the mask

 

　　· 用口罩仔细遮盖嘴和鼻子并系牢，尽可能减少面部与口罩之间的空隙；

 

　　· while in use, avoid touching the mask

 

　　· 在使用时，避免触摸口罩

 

　　· whenever you touch a used mask, for example when removing or washing, clean hands by washing with soap and water or using an alcohol-based handrub

 

　　· 在触摸用过的口罩后，例如为取下或清洗口罩，用肥皂和水或使用酒精洁手液洗手；

 

　　· replace masks with a new clean, dry mask as soon as they become damp/humid

 

　　· 在口罩受潮或沾染湿气后，换上新的清洁和干燥的口罩；

 

　　· do not re-use single-use masks

 

　　· 不要重复使用一次性口罩

 

　　· discard single-use masks after each use and dispose of them immediately upon removing.

 

　　· 一次性口罩在每次使用后应丢弃并在除下后立即处置。

 

　　Although some alternative barriers to standard medical masks are frequently used (e.g. cloth mask, scarf, paper masks, rags tied over the nose and mouth), there is insufficient information available on their effectiveness.

 

　　虽然还有其他一些遮蔽物，替代标准的医用口罩（例如棉布面罩、头巾、面膜纸、遮挡鼻子和嘴的布条），但缺乏关于此类材料的效力的信息。

 

　　If such alternative barriers are used, they should only be used once or, in the case of cloth masks, should be cleaned thoroughly between each use (i.e. wash with normal household detergent at normal temperature). They should be removed immediately after caring for the ill. Hands should be washed immediately after removal of the mask.

 

　　如果使用此类替代遮蔽物，则只应一次性使用，或如果是棉布面罩，应在每次使用后彻底清洗（即在常温下用家庭洗涤剂清洗）。在护理病人后应立即除下。摘除口罩后应立即洗手。