解放军文职招聘考试 上海菜系

 汉译英：
Passage 1
上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系，通常被成为“本帮菜”，有着400 多年的历史。同中国
其他菜系一样，“本帮菜”具有“色，香，味”三大要素。//
上海菜的特点是注重调料的使用，食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色点心“南
翔小笼”和特色菜“松鼠鲑鱼”。//
“南翔小笼”是猪肉馅，个小味美，皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鲑鱼”色泽黄亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆
而内肉嫩，汤汁酸甜适口。//
在品尝过“松鼠鲑鱼”之后，我们常常惊讶于“松鼠”的形状，觉得在三大评价标准上在添
加“形”这个标准才更合适。//
译文：
Shanghai cuisine, usually called Benbang cuisine, is the youngest among the major regional
cuisines in China, with a history of more than 400 years. Like all other Chinese regional cuisines,
Benbang cuisines takes “color, aroma and taste” as its essential quality elements.//
Shanghai cuisine emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings, the selection of raw
materials with quality texture, and original flavors. Shanghai cuisine is famous for a special snack
known as Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings and a special dish called “Squirrel-Shaped
Mandarin Fish”.//
Nanxiang Steamed Meat Dumplings are small in size, with thin and translucent wrappers, filled
inside with ground pork and rich tasty soup. Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish is yellow-colored and
squirrel-shaped, with a crispy skin and tender meat, all covered with a sweet and sour source.//
After tasting Squirrel-Shaped Mandarin Fish, we are always amazed by the squirrel shape and
think that it is more appropriate to plus “appearance” as the fourth element.
Passage 2
美国人强调效率、竞争和独创性，而中国人则将严谨规划放在首位，鼓励团队成员之间的密
切合作和无私奉献。//
在美国学校，讨论享有至高无上的地位，讨论是课堂教学的主旋律；而中国教师喜欢讲课，
喜欢考试，编写千篇一律的标准教案，培养整齐划一的高材生。//
美国人的政治观，经济观以及社会观的核心是个人道德自治观。中国传统的思想体系是以儒
家学说为基础的，这种思想强调整体和谐。//
现在，中美联系比以往更加紧密，中国人学英语，玩保龄球，吃肯德基，美国人学汉语，练
功夫，吃北京烤鸭，《泰坦尼克》驶进中国，《牡丹亭》也在百老汇上演。//
American people emphasize efficiency, competition and originality while Chinese people give
priority to careful planning and encourage close cooperation and altruistic dedication among team
members.//
In American schools, discussion is given top priority while Chinese teachers like to lecture in class,
and a lot of them are obsessed with examinations. They write consistent and standardized teaching
plans, and are happy with bringing up identical and standardized talents.//
Central to American political, economic and social thought is the concept of individual moral
autonomy. Traditional Chinese philosophical systems are based on Confucianism, which sings
high praises for communal harmony.//
Nowadays, the relation of China and America become closer than ever. Chinese learn English, play
bowling, enjoy KFC, while Americans learn Chinese, exercise Kung Fu, like Peking Duck. And
Titanic sailed into China, while The Peony Pavilion has been performed on Broadway.//
Passage 3
我们社会主义市场经济体制的建立和发展，要求我们改革和完善社会福利保障体制，从而对
社会服务提出了更高的要求。//
随着政府职能的转变，原来由政府包揽的许多社会服务工作，有相当一部分将逐步转移到社
会团体和民间组织。//
一方面，政府的宏观管理责任将会变得更加重大。另一方面，社会团体和民间组织有必要参
与更多的社区服务工作。//
这样就提出一个课题：政府和社会团体如何密切合作，如何分工协作，更好地推进社区服务
事业。//
The establishment and development of china’s socialist market economy requires the reform and
improvement in our soial welfare and security system, which in turn places higher expectations on
the work of community service.//
With the transformation of governmental functions, much of the work involving social services
that was initially undertaken by the government will have to be transferred gradually to social
groups and non-governmental organizations.//
On the one hand, the government will shoulder great responsibilities in its macro-management; and
on the other hand, social groups and non-governmental organizations will need to involve
themselves more in community service.//
Consequently, there has emerged an issue which concerns the way of a close collaboration and the
division of responsibilities between the government and social groups, in order to further the
development of community service.
Passage 4
春节期间的娱乐活动多种多样，丰富多彩。耍龙灯和舞狮子是春节期间的传统项目。还有一
种至今仍受人欢迎的传统表演活动，叫踩高跷。//
现在，随着生活水平的不断提高，人们采用了新的方式庆祝新年。但不管庆祝方式怎么变，
春节的精华不会变，那就是为了祈求新年吉祥如意。//
家家户户都会打扫的干干净净，门上都会贴上对联，人人都会穿上新衣裳，拿出最精美的食
物，团聚在一起，互道吉利，表示祝贺。//
最重要的是，春节是一个合家欢聚的日子，出门在外的人总要想方设法在除夕夜到来之前赶
回家，吃上一年中最重要的一段饭——“团圆饭”。//
The recreational activities during the Spring Festival are varied and colorful. The Dagon Dance and
Lion Dance are traditionally performed during the festival. Walking on stilts is another traditional
performance event popular in china. //
Nowadays, with the improvement of living standards, people have taken up new ways to celebrate
the New Year. No matter what change there might be, the highlights of the Spring Festival will
remain the same: hoping for a propitious and happy new year.//
Each family will clean up the house and put up an antithetical couplet on each side of the door.
Dressed up in their best, people will get together, treat each other to the most delicious foods and
exchange auspicious greetings.//
Most important of all, the Spring Festival is the occasion for a family reunion. People away from
home for various reasons will always try their best to come back before the New Year’s Eve for the
family reunion dinner, the most important meal of the year.//
Passage 5
香港中文大学，简称“中大”，成立于1963 年。中大是一所研究型综合大学，以“结合传统
与现代，融汇中国与西方”为创校使命。//
40 多年来，中大一直致力于弘扬中华传统文化，坚持双语教育，并推行独特的书院制度，
在香港教育界卓然而立。中大校园占地134 公顷，是世界上最美丽的校园之一。//
中大的师生来自世界各地。有教职员工5200 多人、近万名本科生、约2000 多名研究生，其
中约2500 多人来自45 个不同的国家和地区。//
中大实行灵活的学分制，不仅有助于培养有专有博的人才，而且还赋予学生更大的学习自主
权。中大的多元教育有助于充分发挥每一个学生的潜能。//
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, CUHK for short, was founded in 1963. It is a researchoriented
comprehensive university with a mission to combine tradition with modernity and bring
together China and the West.//
For more than 40 years, we have been distinguished from other local universities by virtue of our
rich Chinese cultural heritage, bilingual education, and our unique college system. CUHK’s 134-
hectare campus is one of the most beautiful campuses in the world.//
CUHK’ s faculty and students come from all corners of the world. It has more than 5200 staff
members, approximately 10,000 undergraduates, and 2000 postgraduate students. Of these
students, some 2,500 are from 45 countries and regions outside Hong Kong.//
The flexible credit unit system allows a balance between depth with breadth, and a high degree of
free choice of students in designing their own learning. The multi-faceted education at CUHK helps
to bring out the best in every student.//
Passage 6
中国国际出版集团是中国最大的、最权威的外语出版发行单位，其前身是中央人民政府新闻
出版署国际新闻局。//
我集团坚持“让中国走向世界，让世界了解中国”的出版原则，全心致力于中国外语教育与
研究事业的发展，全心致力于中外文化交流事业的拓展。//
为了加强对出版人才队伍的建设，为了满足日益增长的特殊出版业务的需要，我集团每年都
要选派一些青年员工到国内外知名高等学府和研究机构进修，//
根据我们的发展战略，我们会将前进的步伐迈出国界走向世界，瞄准海外读者群，这一战略
已取得了良好的开局。//
The China International Publishing Group is the largest and the most authoritative foreign language
publishing and distribution establishment, its predecessor being the International Press Bureau of
the Central People’s Government Press and Publication Administration.//
Adhering to the publishing philosophy of “assisting China’s march to the world and facilitating
world’s understanding of China”, the Group commits itself entirely to promoting foreign language
education and research in China and advancing cultural exchanges between China and foreign
countries.//
In order to build up a strong team of publishing staff, as well as to meet the growing need of more
technically demanding business, the Group makes it a rule that young staff be selected and sent to
noted universities and research institutions, both domestic and overseas, for further studies.//
As is clearly spelled out in our new development strategy, we will go beyond our national
boundaries and wedge ourselves into the world circulation market, aiming at the international
readership. Our initial efforts have been very rewarding.//
Passage 7
改革开放30 年来，随着中国逐渐崛起成为政治经济强国，海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱
增，海外孔子学院也成了人们学习中国语言和中国文化的首选之地。//
通过学习汉语，他们对这个和自己文化大相径庭的古老文明产生了浓厚的兴趣，而且有机会
了解中国的哲学、艺术、医学、饮食文化，亲身体验这个文明古国的风采。//
作为第二文化，中国文化也丰富了他们的生活和世界观。可以说，这个潮流方兴未艾。越来
越多的学习汉语的美国人除了对中国菜肴赞不绝口之外，也在尝试针灸，草药和武术。//
他们也看功夫电影，学习东方时装潮流和手工艺，不知不觉的在日常生活中谈及中国的点心，
人参、银杏，乌龙茶等。目前在美国最热门的中国文化是道家学说和有着神秘色彩的风水学。
As china is rising as a political and economic world power, thanks to its three-decade reform and
opening up, more and more people in overseas countries start to learn Chinese and turn to a
Confucius Institute in their own countries as their first choice learning Chinese language and
Chinese culture.//
During the learning process, the learners concurrently develop their interest in this ancient land,
whose civilization is so vastly different from theirs. And the learners have opportunities to learn
about Chinese philosophy, art, architecture, medicine and catering culture and experience firsthand
the splendors of this venerable civilization.//
As the second culture, Chinese culture has enriched the life and world outlook of the learners. This
trend, so to speak, is gathering momentum and is there to stay. Apart from their love for Chinese
cuisine, more and more American learners of Chinese language are turning to Chinese acupuncture,
herbal medicines, martial arts.//
They are also interested in kongfu films, fashions and crafts. Seemingly outlandish words such as
dimsum, ginseng, gingko, oolong cha have crept into their everyday language. The latest Chinese
cultural icons to make its impact there are Taoism, and ancient school of thought, and fengshui, an
ancient art of placement.//
Passage 8
过去10 年，海平面升高和森林看法的速度都是前所未有的；生态恶化、物种灭绝、臭氧层
被破坏、温室效应、酸雨等一系列环境问题已经严重影响到人类的生存环境。//
环境恶化造成的问题之一就是缺水。目前全世界40%以上的人口，即20 多亿人，面临缺水
问题。据预测，未来25 年全球人口将有60 亿增长到80 亿，环境保护面临更大的压力。//
中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。从国情出发，中国在全
面推进现代化的过程中，将环境保护视为一项基本国策。//
众所周知，对生态环境和生物多样性的保护是环保工作的重点。我国野生动植物物种丰富，
仅脊椎动物就有6000 多种左右，高等植物3 万多种。//
Sea level rose and forest were destroyed at an unprecedented rate during the last decade. A series of
environmental problems such s the deterioration of ecosystem, the extinction of bio-species,
damage to the ozone layer, the green-house effect, acid rain, have posed a serious threat to human
living conditions.//
Environmental crisis leads to one of the serious problems, namely, water shortage. Presently, more
than 40% of the world’s population, more than 2 billion people, now face water shortage. It is
predicted hat with the global population expected to increase from six billion to eight billion over
the next 25 years, more pressure on environmental protection stress is expected.//
As a developing country, china is confronted with the dual task of developing the economy and
protecting the environment. Proceeding from its national conditions, china has, in the process of
promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state
policies.//
It is known to all that protection of the ecological environment and biodiversity is the focal point of
environmental protection work. China is rich in wildlife species. There are about 6,000 vertebrates
alone and 30,000 species of higher plants.//
Passage 9
为了切实保护儿童权益，中国的立法、司法、政府各有关部门以及社会团体都建立了相应的
机制，以监督、实施和促进保护儿童事业的健康发展。//
中国政府动员社会采取多种方式关心和帮助残疾儿童的成长，大力弘扬残疾儿童自强不息的
精神，倡导团结、友爱、互助的道德风尚。//
中国民族素有“携幼”，“爱幼”的传统美德，中国古语“有无有以及人之幼”了流传至今。//
我们要在全社会倡导树立“爱护儿童、教育儿童、为儿童做表率、为儿童办实事”的公民意
识，并努力为儿童事业的发展创造良好的社会条件。//
To effectively protect children’s rights and interests, china’s legislation, judicial and government
departments concerned as well as non-governmental organizations have set up corresponding
mechanisms to supervise, facilitate and promote the healthy development of the work on protecting
children.//
The Chinese government has done a great deal to mobilize various circles in society to care for, in
various manners , the development of disabled children, to greatly encourage the spirit of
unceasing self-improvement among physically disadvantaged children and to advocate the valued
social virtues of unity, friendship and mutual aid.//
The Chinese nation has long cultivated the traditional virtues of “bring up the young” and caring
for the young”. An old Chinese saying that “love our children and love others’ children in the same
manner” is still very popular.//
We should urge the society at large to raise the awareness of importance of “protecting and
educating children, and setting a good example and doing practical thing for children”. We will
spare no efforts to create favorable social conditions for the progress of child development
programs.//
Passage 10
武术在我国源远流长，是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝。我们知道，一个民族的优秀文化遗产，
不仅仅属于一个民族，它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类的共同财富。//
为了更好的推广武术运动，使其与奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联做了大量的艰苦卓绝
的工作。现在武术运动已被列为一种具有与保龄球运动和国际标准舞同等地位的奥运表演项
目。//
武术的蓬勃发展，除得益于其项目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武术大师功不可
没。//
老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术的种子，使武术这门既可以自卫又可以健身的运动很快就
在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武术大师已遍布世界各地，武术爱好者也与日俱增。//
Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times. It is a gem of Chinese
traditional culture. As we all know, the fine culture of a nation doesn’t belong to the nation alone
and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.//
The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation (IWUF) have been working
very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement.
Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration
event.//
The booming of wushu is attributed not only to the attractiveness of the sport but also to emigrant
Chinese wushu masters over the years.//
Martial artists of the older generations have sown wushu seeds in foreign countries. Weshu, which
can be used as self defense and can keep practitioners fit and strong, soom became popular on new
lands. Today sperb wushu masters are active all over the world, and amateurs are on the increase
with each passing day.
Passage 11
我赞同许多东亚学者的观点，东方文明可以医治盛行于西方世界的一些顽疾。西方世界个人
自由主义泛滥导致了极端个人主义、性关系混乱以及过度暴力行为，对此我们不能视而不见。
//
相反，东方社会的自我约束力，集体责任感以及温厚儒雅的传统倒可以消除西方社会的许多
恶疾。//
在这个信息时代，世界已缩小成一个地球村。这个地球村里，不再有什么泾渭分明的东方世
界和西方世界，我们是生活在同一个社区里的邻里。//
因此，我们彼此之间无须冲突。我们之间的关系应该是一种友好合作，平等互补的关系。我
们应该相互理解，相互学习，和睦共处。//
I share the same view with many East Asian scholars that the Oriental civilization can heal some of
the prevailing, stubborn Western ills. We should not turn a blind eye to the fact that individual
freedom has gone overboard in the West, resulting in extreme individualism, sexual promiscuity
and excessive use of violence.//
By contrast, self-discipline, corporate responsibility and the pacific tradition of East Asia can offset
many Western vices.//
At this age of information, the world has shrunk as a global village in which there will be no clearcut
worlds of the East and the West any more, but a world of one community with neighboring
families.//
Therefore, we do not necessarily have to come into clash with each other. Our relationship is one
of friendly cooperation, equality and mutual complementarity and therefore, we should understand
and learn from each other, and live in harmony.//
Passage 12
国际贸易的基本原则是平等互利，各国追求各自的利益是正常的，出现一些摩擦和纠纷也是
不可避免的。关键要以冷静而明智的态度正确对待和处理摩擦和纠纷。//
就中美贸易而言，互利共赢的经贸关系给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益。今天，美国
在华投资设立的企业已超过4 万家，投资额达450 亿美元。//
美国500 强企业有400 多家进入中国，大多数企业获利丰厚。与此同时，在美国市场上，许
多中国商品受到美国消费者的青睐。中国在美国投资设立的企业已超过1000 家。//
我们可以预见，中美贸易摩擦将随着经贸关系的深化而凸显，但是中美经贸合作的总体发展
是不可逆转的。主要有两个原因，其一：中美贸易具有很大互补性。其二：中国产品具有明
显的劳动力成本优势。//
Equality and mutual benefit is the fundamental principle of international trade. Therefore, it is
normal that countries will seek to protect their own interests, which may lead to trade frictions and
disputes. The key lies in how to cope with these issues correctly in a cool and wise manner.//
As for China-US trade, mutually beneficial and win-win trade and economic ties have delivered
tangible economic benefits to the two peoples. Now, with over 40,000 U.S.- invested enterprises,
the total investment in china stands at $45 billion.//
Of the top 500 U.S companies, more than 400 have their business in china, and most of them are
making handsome profit. At the same time, many Chinese commodities have become favored
choices of American consumers. Meanwhile, the number of Chinese-invested enterprises in the
United Sates has surpassed 1,000.//
We predict that trade disputes between china and the United States will become more acute along
with the further development in bilateral trade and economic cooperation. The overall development
in bilateral trade and economic cooperation is, however, irreversible. There are two factors
contribute to this trend. Firstly, the Sino-U.S. economic and trade relations enjoy
complementarities in vast fields. Secondly, china has an outstanding labor cost advantage.//
Passage 13
汉语常被认为是一种非常古老的语言。从某种意义上说，这种说法不免失之偏颇。人类所有
的语言都可追溯到朦胧的史前时期，但目前我们还无法确定这些语言是否都同宗同源。//
五千年前华夏祖先说汉语的方法同英语人士的祖先说英语的方式大致相似。而从另一种意义
上说，汉语确实也是一种很古老的语言。今天所存留下来的最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史。
//
这些文字均为甲骨雕文。大部分铭文为神谕圣旨，内容大都与政治事件和宗教活动有关，有
些则是关于天气和战争的记录。//
汉语有丰富的古代文字作品，源远流长，远非其他一种语言的文字可与之媲美。一些最古老
的文字属象形文字。//
Chinese is often termed a very old language. In a sense such a statement is misleading. All human
languages go back to the dim uncertainty of prehistory, and at present we have no way of knowing
for sure whether or not they can all be traced back to the same root.//
Five thousand years ago the ancestors of Chinese people spoke an early form of Chinese language
in much the same way that the ancestors of English-speaking people were using an early form of
the English language. In a sense, however, Chinese is indeed a very old language. The earliest
written forms of Chinese in existence today date back nearly 4,000 years.//
These writings are incisions on bones and tortoise shell. Most of the inscriptions are oracular,
dealing mostly with political and religious events, or with weather or warfare.//
Chinese has an abundance of ancient writings that reach back continuously in time further than the
writings of any other language in the world. Some of the earliest written Chinese characters were
quite pictographic.//
Passage 14
我们都知道信息存储、传输和处理是提高社会整体发展水平的最重要的保障条件之一，也是
世界各国高技术竞争的焦点之一。但并非每一个人都知道，世界上最重要的信息是人类基因
组提供的信息。//
人类基因组蕴含着人类生、老、病、死的绝大多数遗传信息，破译这些信息将会在疾病的诊
断、新药物的研制、新疗法的探索等领域引发一场革命。//
一些科学家认为，破译人类遗传密码的重要性不亚于人类登月的“阿波罗计划”。人类基因
组图谱及初步分析结果的公布，对生物科学和生物技术的发展起着重要的推动作用。//
我们确信的是，35 亿年前高度复杂的分子DNA 就出现了。DNA 是地球上所有生命的基础，
它有着像螺旋式楼梯一样的双螺旋结构。//
We all know that information storage, transmission and processing constitute some of the most
important guarantee conditions for enhancing the level of overall social development, as well as a
focal point in the competition of high technologies between various countries. But not everyone
realizes that the most significant information reservoir is no other than the human genome.//
The human genome contains most of the hereditary information related to the birth, aging, diseases
and death of humankind. Its decoding will bring about a revolution to the diagnosis of diseases, to
the development of new medicines and to the exploration of new therapies.//
Some scientists believe the work to decipher the human genetic code is no less important than the
Apollo moon landing program. The publication of the map and preliminary conclusion of the
human genome played an important role in promoting the development of life science and
biotechnology.//
What we do know is that by three and a half billion years ago the highly complicated molecule
DNA had emerged. DNA is the basis of all life on earth. It has a double helix structure, like a spiral
staircase.//
Passage 15
几千年来我们中国人一直视筷子为一种可以将饭从碗中逐口送入口中的最简单同时也是最
有效的工具。早在周朝时期，筷子便被人们用来夹取荤、蔬菜，而米饭在那时则用手来取食。
//
全国各地的筷子大小基本一样，而所用的材料的种类则各有不同，所选材料有竹子、木材、
漆器、玉石、象牙、塑料、吕、银、金等。特长的竹筷通常用于厨房中。//
中国人使用筷子的方法很有艺术性，各人有各人的方法，就好像签名一样，不尽一致。中国
人一般都能随心所欲的用筷子夹起一粒米饭，一粒豌豆，一只滑溜溜的蘑菇或海参。//
使用筷子时，要把一双筷子夹在大拇指和食指之间。要点是让其中的一根筷子保持不动，活
动另一根筷子，以便能像钳子一样夹取食物。//
For thousands of years we Chinese have always regarded chopsticks the simplest possible and the
most efficient tool for transporting bite-sized morsels of food form a bowl to the mouth. As early as
in the Zhou Dynasty, chopsticks were used for picking up meat and vegetables, while hands were
used for rice.//
Chopsticks, which are roughly uniform in size throughout China, can be made of a variety of
materials, including bamboo, wood, lacquer, jade, ivory, plastic, aluminum, silver and gold.
Special long bamboo chopsticks are generally used in the kitchen.//
The way we Chinese handle our chopsticks is quite artistic and varied from person to person like
one’s signature. An average Chinese can very easily pick up a single tiny grain of rice, or a tiny
piece of peas, or a slippery button mushroom or sea cucumber.//
When using chopsticks, one should place both sticks between the thumb and forefinger. The point
is to keep one stick still and move the other so as to make them wok like pincers.//
英译汉：
Passage 1
I think Chinese businesspeople tend to have business negotiations in a rather indirect manner, as
opposed to the more direct style of American businesspeople, who are said to work with the “getdown-
to-business-first” mentality.//
The Chinese-type management encourages cooperation among employees, between the labor and
the management, and gives employees a joy of participation and fulfillment, as well as a sense of
pride in their work.//
And most Chinese try to find the meaning of life through working in their jobs, and view work as
essential for having membership in a community.//
The American-type, or the top-down, management emphasizes efficiency, and competition among
workers. The American work ethic seems to be more individual oriented. Traditionally, Americans
work because it is the will of God, and often value the results and accomplishments of work more
than its process.//
我认为中国人在商务谈判时倾向于使用一种迂回婉转的方式，而那些被认为在工作时具有一
种“公务为先”的心态的美国人则往往表现出较为直截了当的作风。//
中国式的管理方式鼓励员工之间的合作，也鼓励普通员工和管理人员之间的合作，是员工有
一种喜悦的参与感和成就感，使他们对自己的工作产生一种自豪感。//
大多数中国人想从工作中找到生活的意义，他们将工作视为成为团体中一份子的必不可缺的
条件。//
美国式的自下而上的管理方式注重效率，注重员工之间的竞争。美国人的工作观有较强的个
体取向性。美国人一直认为，工作是秉承了上帝的意志，我们对工作成果的重视常常高于对
工作过程的重视。//
Passage 2
In the short period of six days, we have gone a longer distance than the world-renowned “Long
March”. We have acquired a keen sense of the diversity, dynamism, and progress of china under
your policies of reform and opening to the outside world.//
My wife and I have a special regard and personal friendship for the people of china. Beijing is for
us an old and nostalgic home. During our stay here ten years ago we spent a great deal of
memorable time with the people here----working, shopping, sightseeing, and touring the city on
our bicycles.//
Those were happy days. They were good days, important days. We were part of the dramatic
process which brought us back together and set us on the road to a genuine friendly and cooperative
relationship.//
Nonetheless, problems remain in our economic, education and strategic relations. While we are not
so naïve as to believe that there are no issues of difference between us, I also believe that our
differences are greatly overshadowed by issues which bind us and strengthen our relationship.//
在短暂的六天里，我们的行程超过了举世闻名的“长征”。在改革开放政策引导下的中国，
气象万千，充满活力，不断进步，这些我们都已强烈的感受到了。//
我和我夫人对中国人民怀有一种特殊的敬慕之情和个人友谊。对我们两人来说，背景是我们
思念的故乡。十年前我们在此生活期间，我们与这里的人们一起度过了许多难忘的时光——
我们在这里工作、购物、观光、骑自行车逛城。//
那是一些另人愉快的日子，一些美好的日子，一些意义重大的日子。我们参与了富有戏剧性
的转变过程，这种转变使我们重新走到一起，使我们踏上了一条通往建立一种真诚友好的合
作关系的道路。//
然而，我们在经济、教育以及战略关系中仍然存在着问题。一方面，我们不会天真的以为我
们之间不存在分歧，另一方面，我也认为那些将我们联系在一起并且强化我们关系的事务，
在很大程度上弱化了我们之间的差异。//
Passage 3
The Washington National Cathedral is one of the largest and most famous religious centers in the
United States. It belongs to the Episcopal Church. The official name of the building id the
Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul.//
The National Cathedral was built with money from private citizens. The work started in 1907, and
the Cathedral was not completely finished until 1990. The first stone was laid in the presence of
President Theodore Roosevelt. Every President of the United States since then has attended
services or visited the Cathedral.//
It looks like many of the great religious centers built in Europe about 800 years ago. The building is
shaped like a cross or the letter T. in the center is a bell tower 91 meters high. Two more towers
stand at the bottom of the cross.//
Two hundred windows are set high in the walls of the National Cathedral. Most are made of many
pieces of colored glass. They color the sunlight as it enters the building and spills across the floor.
Some windows have flower designs. Others have images from Christian stories or from American
heroes.//
华盛顿国家大教堂是美国规模最大、最负盛名的宗教中心之一，隶属主教派教会。该建筑的
正式名称是圣彼得和圣保罗大教堂。//
国家大教堂是由私人赞助建造起来的。工程开始于1907 年，知道1990 年才完全竣工。奠基
石是当着当时西奥多.罗斯福总统的面放置的。从那以后的每一任美国总统都参加过这里举
行的宗教礼仪活动，或参观过大教堂。//
大教堂看起来像欧洲许多建于800 年前的宗教大中心，形状像个“十”字，或像字母T, 中
间耸立了一座高达91 米的钟楼，另外两座塔楼坐落在十字形底部。//
200 扇窗户高高的嵌在国家大教堂的墙上。大多数窗都由多块彩色玻璃拼成，射入建筑内的
阳光被彩色玻璃染得五彩缤纷，洒落在大教堂一侧的地坪上，有些窗户有花卉图案，有些窗
的画面则是一些有关基督教的故事或美国历史英雄的形象。//
Passage 4
Innovation starts at the top, and it is important for leaders to create an environment where
innovation is constant, where people have the skills and incentives to think creatively. In doing so,
you attract talents that want to contribute to that environment, creating a virtuous cycle for the
company.//
Shanghai’s leadership has worked hard to create an environment where businesses can succeed. For
example, shanghai’s transportation links to the world, including Pudong International Airport and
the new deep water port facility, have achieved world-class status//
We live in an era where innovation is central to economic growth and prosperity. It is comfortable
to hold onto the old ways of doing business. But innovation is hard because it usually leads to
change. Innovation requires new ideas, new processes, and new institutions.//
New technologies and approaches can radically change an existing market, creating new customers
and competitions. But innovation and its accompanying disruption can be managed through good
leadership, a long term strategy, and good people. President Hu Jintao stated at the beginning of
this year that “ Innovation is the core of the nation’s competitiveness.//
创新从领导层开始做起。领导层必须营造一个可以不断创新的环境，以激励人们的创新思维。
这样的环境可以吸引那些乐于创新的人才，从而使公司得到良性发展。//
上海的领导努力为企业营造可取得成功的环境。例如，浦东国际机场和新的深水港等设施的
建立，使上海与世界的交通连接达到了世界级的水平。//
我们生活在一个以创新驱动经济发展和繁荣的时代。墨守成规确实舒服惬意，而改革创新则
困难重重，因为创新往往引发变革。创新需要新思想，新程序和新机制。//
新技术和新方法会剧烈的改变现行的市场秩序，既带来新的公司客户，也带来新的竞争对手，
但是，如果我们有英明的领导，长期的战略以及优秀的人才，创新活动及其所伴随的冲击是
可控的。胡锦涛主席在年初是曾说过：“创新是国家的核心竞争力。”//
Passage 5
What will the role of universities be in this globalized economy? How will they contribute to
improving society through innovation that will improve the quality of life and support economic
growth? How will they prepare their graduates who will extract the best and explore the greatest in
this increasingly complex society?//
It is important to remember that undergraduate education and post-graduate education are tightly
linked to research. Our education programs should ensure that the students are learning in an
atmosphere characterized by the pursuit of new knowledge and process of discovery. An
interrelated educational program will create a flow of young, bright and uninhibited minds to work
on the frontier of discovery.//
The fundamental mission of a university is the creation of new knowledge which sometimes has
immediate practical applications. But that can never be the only goal. And making it a primary goal
will frequently be short-sighted. Basic contributions to knowledge should be valued for being
exactly that. Our university has an almost unique role in fostering such contribution.//
Choosing the right people is the first and perhaps the most crucial step in ensuring an innovative
environment. There are three types of people that can be important. The first class of individuals
consists of fanciful visionaries. The second class of important people in innovative environment
consists of revolutionary explorers. The third class of individuals consists of uninhibited
executors.//
在这个经济全球化的时代背景下，大学将扮演怎样的角色呢？大学将如何通过旨在提高生活
质量、推动经济发展的创新活动进而推动社会的进步呢？在这个日新月异、充满变数的社会，
大学又将如何培养那些善于取精用弘的学生呢？//
我们应该认识到，本科生教育和研究生教育都与研究紧密相连。我们的教育应该为学生创造
一种可以探寻新知识、带来新发现的氛围，将教学与研究融合在一起的教育可以培养一批活
跃在探索前沿、聪颖开放的青年才俊。//
大学最的使根本的使命就是创造新知识，虽然大学所创造的新只是有时会立即产生实际应用
价值，但这决不是大学所追求的唯一目标。将获取实际应用价值的目标定位大学的主要目标
是一种短视行为。基础研究也同样是大学的使命，而且大学在推动基础研究方面能发挥独特
的作用。//
选对人是确保创新型研究环境的首要因素，也是最为关键的因素。选人要选三种人：第一种
人是浮想联翩的思想家，第二种人是富有革命精神的探索家，第三种人是不受常规约束的实
干家。//
Passage 6
The difference between a brain and a computer can be expressed in a single word, that is,
complexity. The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. The
human brain weights 3 ponds, but in that 3 ponds are 10 billion neurons and a hundred billion
smaller cells.//
Even the most complicated computer man has yet built can’t compare in intricacy with the brain.
Computer switches and components number in the thousands rather than in the billions. What’s
more, the computer switch is just an on-off device, whereas the brain cell is itself possessed of a
tremendously complex inner structure.//
It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are “programmed” to do so.
They can only do what men have them do. One must remember that human beings also can only do
what they are “programmed” to do. Our genes “program” us and our potentialities are limited by
that “program”.//
Our “program” is so much more enormously complex, though, that we might like to define
“thinking” in terms of our creativity in literature, art, science and technology. In that sense,
computers certainly can’t think.//
大脑与电脑的差别可以用“复杂性”这三个字来表明。哺乳动物硕大的脑子就其体积而言是
我们所知道的最为复杂的东西。人脑的重量为3 磅，而这3 磅却包含着100亿个神经元和1000
亿个更小的细胞。//
就复杂性而言，世界上已生产出的最为复杂的电脑也无法与大脑的复杂性相提并论。电脑的
开关和元件充其量只要数千个，而不是数千亿个。此外，电脑开关只是亿个离合装置，而大
脑细胞却有着及其复杂的内部结构。//
我们经常听到人们说，电脑处理问题是因为电脑设有能让其处理问题的程序，它们只能按人
的指令行事。我们应该知道，人类也设有程序。我们的基因给我们编写了程序，我们的所作
所为无不受制于这个“程序”。//
我们大脑的程序极其复杂，我们或许可以从人类的文学、艺术、科学和技术上的创造力这个
角度给“思维”下定义。从这个意义上说，电脑肯定无法思维。//
Passage 7
In his book Brave New World, published in 1932, Aldous Huxley predicted a big biotechnological
revolution about to take place: the hatching of people not in wombs but in test tubes; the drug
which gave people instant happiness; the sensation which was simulated by implanted electrodes;
and modification of behavior through the administration of various artificial hormones.//
With 70 years of separating us from the publication of this book, we can see that Huxley’s
technological predictions are surprisingly accurate. Many of the technologies that Huxley
envisioned are already here or just over the horizon. But this revolution has only just begun.//
According to Huxley, the most significant threat posed by contemporary biotechnology is the
possibility that it will alter human nature and thereby move us into a “posthuman” stage of history.
This is important because human nature exists and defines us as a species with a stable continuity. It
is what defines our most basic values.//
Medical technology offers us in many cases a devil’s bargain: longer life, but with reduced mental
capacity; freedom from depression, together with freedom form creativity or spirit. It will blur the
line between what we achieve on our own and what we achieve because of the levels of various
chemicals in our brains.//
奥尔德斯. 赫胥黎在其1932 年出版的《奇妙新世界》一书中预言了一场即将发生的生物技
术革命。赫胥黎预示：人类可以在试管里而不是在子宫里孕育；药物可以即刻给人以快感，
植入体内的电极可以给人以刺激，输入不同的人造荷尔蒙可以改变人的行为。//
此书问世70 年后，我们看到赫胥黎对技术发展的预言是如此惊人的精确，所预言的许多技
术已经诞生或即将诞生。但这场革命还只是刚拉开了序幕。//
赫胥黎认为，当代生物技术对人类构成的最严重的威胁有可能改变人性，从而把我们带入“后
人类”的历史阶段。赫胥黎的预警很重要，因为人性确实存在，人性界定着我们这个具有稳
定延续性的物种，同时又界定着我们最基本的价值观。//
医学技术在许多方面为我们提供了一种魔鬼交易：我们虽然延长了寿命，但是脑力却减退了。
我们虽可免患忧郁症，但是也失去了创造力和灵气。我们无法区分哪些成就是我们自身努力
的成果，哪些成果是由我们大脑里的化学物质造成的。//
Passage 8
For most of the 1990s, CEOs of Old Economy companies struggled to turn slow-moving
organizations into nimbler, more flexible outfits. The truth is, real transformations are the exception
rather than the rule. Changing the core values, the attitudes, and the fundamental relationships of a
vast organization is overwhelmingly difficult.//
Enron tumbled down. Enron didn’t failed because of improper accounting or alleged corruption at
the top. It also failed because of its entrepreneurial culture---- the very reason Enron attracted so
much attention and acclaim. Too much emphasis on earnings growth and individual initiative,
coupled with a shocking absence of the usual corporate checks and balances.//
What constitutes entrepreneurial culture? In the narrow sense, it refers to some fundamental spirit
and agglomerating force that come into being in the production and management practices of an
enterprise, as well as the common values and norms of behavior shared by the whole staff.//
In the broad sense, entrepreneurial culture also includes the culture of specific personnel in the
enterprise, namely, the cultural psychological structure and cultural quality of the executives of the
enterprise as well as the cultural behavior of the staff members.//
二十世纪九十年代的大部分时间里，旧经济公司的首席执行官们都在努力地讲运作缓慢的公
司朝着敏捷，更富有弹性的公司转型。但实际情况是，真正转型成功的公司是极个别的例子。
转变一家大型公司的核心理念，态度和基本关系极其困难。//
安然栽了。安然的失败并不仅仅是因为公司做了假帐或者所谓的高层腐败，其失败的原因还
应归咎于公司的企业文化，正是这种企业文化曾经使安然应人注目，备受青睐。过分强调收
益的增长和个人的主动性，加上缺乏那种常规的公司制约平衡机制。//
那么什么是企业文化？狭义上来说，它指的是企业在生产经营实践中行成的一种基本精神和
凝聚力，以及全体职工共同具有的价值观念和行为准则。//
从广义的角度上来说，企业文化还包括企业人员的文化，即企业领导人员的文化心理、文化
素养以及员工的文化行为。//
Passage 9
A major appeal of investing in bonds is that they provide investors with a steady stream of income
and guarantee the repayment of the loan in full at maturity. Bonds also appeal to investors because
of their scope for capital appreciation. Take for instance a fall in interest rates, in this case bonds
which were issued when interest rates were high will become increasingly valuable and as the bond
price rises, this provides profit for bond sellers.//
In addition, if interest rates had fallen significantly over a period of time, economic growth would
be stimulated as lower borrowing costs and savings rates would encourage businesses to invest and
households to consume. In such a low interest-rate environment, it may still be good for investors to
consider investing some money in bonds because they will be able to achieve a higher return than
cash deposits.//
Equities and government bonds are well suited to some investors. Younger investors will benefit
from equity capital growth because they are generally investing for the longer term and not unduly
concerned with the lack of immediate yield. Investors concerned with avoiding risk will be
prepared to accept the relatively low yields now available on government bonds.//
But many investors fall somewhere between these two extremes. In recent years, financial markets
have become increasingly polarized between growth and security. Investors looking for medium
and low risk are increasingly turning to the corporate bond market as an alternative to equities and
government bonds.//
债券吸引人的一大特点是让投资者有一笔的固定的收入，到期时能收回借出的资金。债券也
有增值的机会，例如在利率下跌时，那些在利率高时发行的债券价格将会升高，让债券持有
人有机会赚取利润。//
此外，如果利率在过去一段时间里明显下跌，会刺激经济增长，因为较低的贷款成本和储蓄
利率将鼓励商家投资，带动家庭消费。在这样的低利率环境下，投资人可以考虑把一些资金
投资在债券上，因为投资者将取得高于现金存款的回报。//
股票和政府债券非常适合某些投资者的胃口。年轻的投资者一般从股票的资本增值中获益，
因为他们通常做长线投资，不太在意眼前的收益。想规避风险的投资者则愿意购买目前收益
相对较低的政府债券。//
但是很多人选择在股票和政府债券这两端之间进行金融投资。今年来金融市场的投资增值与
投资安全日趋分化。那些只愿承受中低风险的投资人都转向公司债券。公司债券是股票和政
府债券的理想替代品。//
Passage 10
Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs from
overseas flock in search of fame and fast money and to participate enthusiastically in a
technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European
Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the bygone age.//
The valley’s professionals are among the most hardworking people anywhere. A 15-hour day and
7-day week is not uncommon, especially during the start-up stage. They would give up social life,
and curtail their family life too, in order to pursue the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. It is this
single-minded pursuit of excellence, supported by strong ethos of teamwork and esprit de corps,
that sustain them until their mission is accomplished.//
Paper qualification, though useful, is not a be-all-and-end-all. More weight is given to a candidate’s
proven abilities and aptitude for the job. This is amply demonstrated by industry icons like Apple’s
Jobs and Wozniak and Microsoft’s Gates, all college dropouts who might not have emerged in a
qualification-conscious community.//
While racial prejudice no doubt still exists in the United States, it is hardly discernible in the Valley.
What counts most is one’s vision and track record, and not one’s nationality, skin color or creed.
This, together with its multiracial society, informal lifestyle and agreeable climate, lures foreigners
to its shores.//
硅谷犹如一块磁铁，把许许多多天资聪颖的工程师、科学家、企业家从世界各地吸引到这里。
他们来此寻求功名，希望快速致富，积极投身于技术革命，而这场革命所带来的影响必将超
过昔日具有划时代意义的欧洲文艺复兴运动和产业革命。//
硅谷人的工作之勤奋，举世罕见。一天工作15 个小时，一周工作七天，这样的工作日程安
排在硅谷却是司空见惯的现象，尤其在创业初期更是如此。硅谷人放弃社交生活，减少与家
人一起生活的时间，努力去寻求事业彩虹尽头处的那一桶金。正是这种孜孜不倦追求卓越的
精神，加上优良的团队精神，支持着硅谷人的奋斗理念，他们不大目的绝不罢休。//
在硅谷，文凭虽然有用，却不是一切，一纸定不了终身，硅谷更看重求职者的真才实学和岗
位资质。最具有说服力的例子莫过于行业的偶像人物，如苹果公司的创始人乔布斯和沃茨尼
亚克，微软的创始人盖茨，他们都是一些大学辍学者，在讲究学历的社会很可能永无出头之
日。//
毫无疑问，美国人然存在着宗族歧视，但这种现象在硅谷却难寻踪影。硅谷人最看中的是人
才视野和成长历程，而不是国籍，肤色或宗教信仰。这种观念加上硅谷多宗族的社会、不拘
礼仪的生活方式、舒适适宜的气候，使外国人近悦远来。//
Passage 11
Today, we pioneers and leaders of electronic commerce, are meeting here to call for changes in US
patent law. We believe such changes are needed to deal with new business models related to the
growth of the Internet.//
I share the same view with Jeff Bezos, chief executive of online bookseller Amazon.dot.com. Mr.
Bezos argued in an open letter that current patent laws could end up harming all kinds of businesses
if the laws were not adapted to new business methods used in e-commerce.//
I think U.S. Patent laws are designed to protect the commercial rights of people who have invested
in new products, systems or methods. Hereby I propose that the period of protection offered by
patents should be cut from 17 years to about 4 years. I also propose a one-month period of public
consultation before patents are issued.//
If changes in the patent laws are going to have any real impact, they must be made soon, before too
many more new business method patents are issued. Some of my colleagues in the industry have
already begun lobbying lawmakers to make the changes. But we have to be a little bit more patient
because it will take at least two years for any changes proposed now to be approved by lawmakers
and established as law.//
今天我们这些电子商务的创始人和领导人在此集会，共同呼吁修改美国专利法。我们认为互
联网的发展已形成了一些新商业模式，专利法必须经过修改才能应付这些新情况。//
我同在线书店亚马逊电子商务公司的首席执行官杰夫.贝索斯特有相同的观点。贝索斯先生
在一封公开信中指出，现行的专利法若不加以修正以适应电子商务的新模式，最终将影响多
有的商务活动。//
我认为，制定美国专利法的根本出发点是为了保护那些投资开发新产品、新系列新方法者的
权益。我在这里提议，专利权的保护期应该由原来的17 年缩短为4 年。同时我也建议，专
利发布前应该有一个月的公示咨询期。//
如果想让专利法的修改真正起到作用，那就必须加快修订步伐，不然的话，等越来越多的商
务模式新专利颁布后再进行修改，为时也就太晚了。电子商务产业的一些同行已开始有谁立
法人修改法律。但是我们还得耐心等待，现在提出的修改建议至少要等上两年才能被立法部
门确定为正式的法律。//
Passage 12
From recorded time, man has been fascinated and delighted with music. Bone whistles, used as a
type of flute, have been found dating back to 5,000 BC. Paintings from the Stone Age show early
musical instruments. In modern times, man has further developed his interest in music and in
recorded sound with the hardware of sound reproduction.//
American inventor Thoms Edison, who was considered the father of sound recording, developed
the phonograph in 1877, the first device to record music in the world. While Edison concentrated at
first mainly on the reproduction of voice, it was not long before the musical uses of his invention
were recognized and marketed.//
The widespread use of electricity in the post-World War Two period led to the invention of the
modern, portable record player. It was, however, “mono”. The real enthusiastic listener to music
wanted a realistic reproduction of music with “hi-fidelity” or “hi-fi”.//
The 1980s saw an even greater series of developments in sound reproduction hardware. The
examples are the Sony Corporation’s invention and development of the tiny portable tape players
known as the “Walkman”, and the compact disc, or CD, system based on the technology of
computers with music information stored and reproduced digitally.//
有史记载以来，人类一直痴迷于音乐，为音乐所陶醉。用作笛子的骨哨早已出现在公元前5，
000 年。从石器时代的画中我们可以见到早期乐器的模样。现代人进一步发展了对音乐的兴
趣，十分钟情于用声音复制设备来录音的方式。//
被誉为录音之父的美国发明家托马斯。爱迪生于1877 年发明了留声机，这是世界上第一台
录音设备。爱迪生最初的精力主要放在对说话声音的复制上，然而时隔不久，爱迪生这项发
明的音乐应用价值便为世人所认识，并被推向了市场。//
第二次世界大战之后，电的广泛使用使现代可提式点唱机面世。不过这种点唱机只能单声道
放音。而真正的音乐发烧友想要的是一种给人以身临其境感觉的高保真音响设备。//
到了80 年代，声音复制设备的发展迈出了一系列更大的步伐。例如，推出了由索尼首创开
发的被称之为“随身听”的袖珍便携式磁带放音机，以及采用电脑技术以数码储存与再现音
乐信息的CD 激光唱片音响。//
Passage 13
There are about six billion people in the world. But every person is unique. Some people have black
eyes; others have brown eyes. Some have dark hair, others have light hair. Besides humans, there
are millions of other living creatures. Some are so tiny that we simply can’t see them with our own
eyes. Whatever it is, every living creature is different from every other.//
Why is each living thing unique? Where do its characteristics come from? Do people receive
characteristics from their mothers or fathers, or both? Which characteristics do they receive? How?
These are some of the questions that biologists try to answer. The work of a man by the name
Mendel a hundred years ago was especially important.//
Mendel studied plants, especially pea plants. Mendel decided that pea plants carried factors, and
parents passed these factors onto their offspring. Today we call these factors genes. Genes are tiny
pieces of matter that carry information from parents to offspring. //
Based on Mendel’s work, biologists began to ask such questions as “Can we apply our information
about genes to people?” they discovered that in a person genes told whether he would have brown
eyes or blue eyes, whether he would have dark hair or light hair. Now we know that every person is
unique.//
世界上约有60 亿人。每个人都与众不同，有些人的眼睛为黑色，有些人的眼睛为褐色。有
些人头发乌黑，有些人头发浅淡。除了人类之外，还有数以百万计的其他生物。有些生物微
乎其微，是我们无法用肉眼看到的。无论何种生物，每一个都与众不同。//
为什么每个生物都会与众不同呢？生物的特性又是从何而来？ 人们的特性是遗传自母亲，
还是父亲，或是父母双亲？人们从父母所得到的又是哪些特性呢？他们又是如何得到那些特
性的呢？生物学家试图找到这些问题的答案。一百年前一个叫做门德尔的人所作的研究工作
具有特别重要的意义。//
门德尔的研究对象是植物，他尤其注重对豌豆植物的研究。他断定，豌豆植物带有遗传因子，
父辈植物讲这些因子传给子代植物。今天我们讲这些遗传因子称为基因。基因是一种将遗传
信息从父代传给子代的微小物质。//
依据门德尔的试验结果，生物学家开始提出了许多问题，例如，我们能否将基因理论运用到
人的身上？他们发现，一个人的基因可以告诉我们这个人的眼睛是褐色的还是蓝色的，他的
头发是乌黑的还是浅色的。现在我们知道每个人都是一个与众不同的独特体。//
Passage 14
The human brain contains an average of ten billion neurons or nerve cells, each of which is linked
with one thousand to ten thousand other neurons. These nerve cells participate in countless
electrical microcircuits which make possible thought, perception, communication, and other types
of mental activity.//
The outside surface of the brain, which is known as the cortex, consists of a thin wrinkled mantle of
gray tissue made up of millions of neurons. This layer of the brain represents man’s relatively
recent evolutionary step in neurological development and is not present to a comparable degree in
any other species.//
The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical hemispheres, sometimes called right and left
brains. The activity of the two hemispheres is coordinated by a number of interconnecting nerve
pathways. The two sides of the brain, while fairly comparable in size and form, appear to specialize
in handling various tasks.//
Current evidence suggests that the left and right hemispheres differ in some way in their function.
For example, specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each associated with a particular
hemisphere of the brain. In most individuals, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for
language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills as well as the perception of
nonlinguistic sounds and musical melodies.//
人的大脑平均有100 亿个神经元，或者叫做神经细胞。每个神经元与其它一千至一万个神经
员相连。神经元从事着不可悉数的微电路脉冲活动，并由此产生思维，感觉，交流以及一些
其他脑力活动。//
大脑的外皮层叫做脑皮层，脑皮层很薄，有褶皱，是一层由是一百万计的神经元组成的灰色
组织。脑皮层代表着人类在其神经发展的历史长河中近期的以此进化，任何其他物质的脑皮
层都无法和人类的脑皮层相提并论。//
整个大脑分为两个大致对称的半球，有时被称为右半脑和左半脑。一些互为联系的神经束对
这两个脑半球活动进行协调。大脑两个半球虽然有着相像的尺寸和形状，却各司其职。//
据目前所知，两个闹半球有着不同的功能。例如：语言能力和感知能力隶属于不同的半球。
大多数人的左半球负责语言操作，而右半球则掌管与视觉和空间相关的技能，负责对非语言
声音以及音乐的感知。//
Passage 15
For a woman, conventional beauty is her only attribute. She is supposed to have no lines or wrinkles,
no scars or blemishes. She is thin, generally tall and long legged, and above all young. All
beautiful women in television commercials conform to this norm. the image is artificial and can
only be achieved artificially.//
Many women go to great lengths to manipulate and change their faces and bodies. More than a
million dollars is spent every hour on cosmetics in this country. A woman is conditioned to view her
face as a mask and her body as an object, as things separate from and more important than her real
self.//
Adolescent females are also discouraged from growing up and becoming adult. Growing older is
the great taboo. Although boys are allowed and encouraged to become mature adults, girls are
encouraged to remain little girls, to be passive and dependent, never to mature. Someone placed in
a double bind, they are supposed to be sexy and virginal, experienced and naïve, seductive and
pure.//
Misleading advertisements and commercials depict a world in which love and passion are reversed
solely for products, in which sexuality becomes a commodity, and in which young women are the
worst victims.//
对一个女子来说，标准美是她的唯一标志。她的皮肤应该天生丽质，没有皱纹，没有疤痕，
没有瑕疵。她的身材应该清瘦苗条，通常是个高挑个，双腿修长，而青春年少则是首要条件。
所有在电视广告中出现的“花容月貌”的靓女都符合这个标准。这种形象是认为的，是可以
人工塑造的。//
许多妇女尽其所能来摆布和修改自己的容貌体态。这个国家每小时花费在化妆品上的钱超过
一百万元。女子已习以为常的视自己的脸蛋为面具，视自己的身体为物品。是一种脱离了原
型而又高于原型的东西。//
少女自然成长也不被看好，年龄上升是大忌。虽然男孩可以成为成熟的男子，并且还收到鼓
励。但对女孩的要求确实必须妙龄永驻，唯唯诺诺，依附顺从，永不成熟。不知何故，对他
们的要求总有两面性，既要求他们性感多情，有要求他们冰清玉洁；即要求他们老道练达，
又要求他们少不更事；即要求他们风骚冶艳，又要求他们质朴无华。//
在被误导性的广告所描绘的世界里，爱恋和激情全然为产品所拥有，性也成了商品，其中年
轻女子则成了最大的牺牲者。//__