英译汉的技巧
要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难；首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文者的共同感觉。由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭；其次是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的文章，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。
1. 词义的选择和引伸 Diction
英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手：
1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义
001. They are as like as two peas.
002. He likes mathematics more than physics.
003. Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals.
要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难；首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文者的共同感觉。由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭；其次是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的文章，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。
1. 词义的选择和引伸 Diction
英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手：
1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义
001. They are as like as two peas.
002. He likes mathematics more than physics.
003. Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals.
2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。
004. He is the last man to come.
005. He is the last person for such a job.
006. He should be the last man to blame.
007. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
004. He is the last man to come.
005. He is the last person for such a job.
006. He should be the last man to blame.
007. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
Story
008. This war is becoming the most important story of his generation.
008. This war is becoming the most important story of his generation.
009. It is quite another story now.
010. Some reporters who were not included in the sessions broke the story.
010. Some reporters who were not included in the sessions broke the story.
011. He’ll be very happy if that story holds up.
012. The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.
013. A young man came to Scott’s office with a story.
014. Last December, the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.
012. The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.
013. A young man came to Scott’s office with a story.
014. Last December, the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.
015. The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.
016. Tell me the story of what happened to you.
016. Tell me the story of what happened to you.
017. The story of the opera was printed in the program.
词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，就会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，引伸时，往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。
1、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，引伸转译。
018. Crisis? What crisis? We’ll emerge from this crisis even stronger. We’ve done it before. Now we are going to do it again.
019. The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat.
2、词义具体化。根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词。
020. The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.
020. The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.
3、词义抽象化。根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词，或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词。
021. Every life has its roses and thorns.
022. Though a translation may be like old wine in new bottles or a woman in man’s clothing, the results can be both tasteful and alive.
021. Every life has its roses and thorns.
022. Though a translation may be like old wine in new bottles or a woman in man’s clothing, the results can be both tasteful and alive.
023. When Stephen was introduced to the old couple, they said simply, “We’ve read your article. We expected to meet an older man.”
024. You will get no word from him. He’s a regular oyster.
025. He had clean hands during this ten years’ government.
026. Don’t put your finger into another’s pie.
027. There is much woman about him.
2. 词类转译Conversion
在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然；对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。
1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。
028. Rockets have found the application for the exploration of the universe.
027. There is much woman about him.
2. 词类转译Conversion
在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然；对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。
1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。
028. Rockets have found the application for the exploration of the universe.
2、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词，翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。
029. The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.
030. The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded.
3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。
031. It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.
032. The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man.
4、转译成副词。英语中的某些名词、形容词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。
033. When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.
029. The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.
030. The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded.
3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。
031. It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.
032. The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man.
4、转译成副词。英语中的某些名词、形容词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。
033. When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.
3. 增词Amplification
英译汉时，按意义上、修辞上或句法上的需要加一些词，使译文更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容；但是，增加的并不是无中生有，而是要增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些词，这是英译汉中常用的的技巧之一。
1、根据意义上或修辞上的需要。
034. Flowers bloom all over the yard.
英译汉时，按意义上、修辞上或句法上的需要加一些词，使译文更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容；但是，增加的并不是无中生有，而是要增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些词，这是英译汉中常用的的技巧之一。
1、根据意义上或修辞上的需要。
034. Flowers bloom all over the yard.
035. After the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he went home tiredly.
036. He sank down with his face in his hands.
037. I had known two great social systems.
038. As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.
039. The article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
040. A book，tight shut，is but a block of paper．
译文一：—本书，紧紧合上，只是—叠纸。
译文二：—本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是—叠纸。
译文三：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。
译文一：—本书，紧紧合上，只是—叠纸。
译文二：—本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是—叠纸。
译文三：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。
041. Success is often just an idea away．
译文一：成功往往只是一个念头的距离。
译文二：成功往往只是一念之差。
译文一：成功往往只是一个念头的距离。
译文二：成功往往只是一念之差。
042. Nothing happened in the night．
译文一：夜间什么事也没发生。
043. Away flies the arrow!
译文一：箭飞走了!
译文一：夜间什么事也没发生。
043. Away flies the arrow!
译文一：箭飞走了!
044. Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this! (Mark Twain: The Prince and the Pauper)
译文一：啊，汤姆•康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！
译文一：啊，汤姆•康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！
045. She felt the flowers were in her fingers, on her lips, growing in her breast.
译文一：她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。
046. Target priorities were established there.
047. But there had been too much publicity about my case.
048. I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing．
2、根据句法上的需要增补一此词汇。
049. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
049. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
050. Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.
051. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
052. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. (Francis Bacon)
053. This is true of nations as it is of individuals.
054. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
“Nothing but a pony?" My father asked.
“Nothing，”I said.
055. How shall l do it?”
“Just as you wish.”
056. The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.
“Nothing，”I said.
055. How shall l do it?”
“Just as you wish.”
056. The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.
057. I am in charge of the depot, only I. People will hold me responsible but not you.
058. More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially.
059. Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.
060. For mistakes had been made, bad ones.
061. All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.
3. 从文化上考虑，增加背景信息，提高可读性。
062. Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.
062. Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.
063. Advice and correction roll off him like water off a duck’s back.
4. 正反、反正表达 Negation
正反、反正汉译技巧是指翻译时突破原文的形式，采用变换语气的办法处理词句，把肯定的译成否定的，把否定的译成肯定的。运用这种技巧可以使译文更加合乎汉语规范或修辞要求，且不失原意。这种技巧可分五个方面加以陈述。
1、肯定译否定
064. The above facts insist on the following conclusions.
4. 正反、反正表达 Negation
正反、反正汉译技巧是指翻译时突破原文的形式，采用变换语气的办法处理词句，把肯定的译成否定的，把否定的译成肯定的。运用这种技巧可以使译文更加合乎汉语规范或修辞要求，且不失原意。这种技巧可分五个方面加以陈述。
1、肯定译否定
064. The above facts insist on the following conclusions.
065. Mattie’s hand was underneath, and Ethan kept his clasp on it a moment longer than necessary.
原译：玛提的手在下，伊桑把它握住，握得比必要的时间长了一会儿。
原译：玛提的手在下，伊桑把它握住，握得比必要的时间长了一会儿。
066. Just make yourself at home.
067. Only three customers remained in the bar.
068. Washington must do something about that man, and soon.
069. He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.
070. His speech leaves much to be desired.
071. John was a fool for danger.
072. Computers may eventually be able to learn by using such senses as smell, touch and taste. But will computers become smarter than people? That is anybody’s guess.
070. His speech leaves much to be desired.
071. John was a fool for danger.
072. Computers may eventually be able to learn by using such senses as smell, touch and taste. But will computers become smarter than people? That is anybody’s guess.
073. I gave you credit for being more sensible.
074. Please withhold the document for the time being.
原译：请暂时扣下这份文件。
074. Please withhold the document for the time being.
原译：请暂时扣下这份文件。
075. Appearances are deceptive.
076. While she liked his work, she pointed out areas where improvement was possible.
076. While she liked his work, she pointed out areas where improvement was possible.
077. The United Nations has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it.
2、否定译肯定
078. She won’t go away until you promise to help her.
2、否定译肯定
078. She won’t go away until you promise to help her.
079. I couldn’t agree more with you.
3、双否定译肯定
080. There can be no sunshine without shadow
但是，如果翻译时保留英语原来的“否定之否定”的形式并不影响中文的流畅时，则应保留的目的还可突出原文中婉转的语气。如He is not unequal to the duty. 他并非不称职。
4、正反移位
081. I don’t think he will come.
5、译为部分否定
082. Not all minerals come from mines.
3、双否定译肯定
080. There can be no sunshine without shadow
但是，如果翻译时保留英语原来的“否定之否定”的形式并不影响中文的流畅时，则应保留的目的还可突出原文中婉转的语气。如He is not unequal to the duty. 他并非不称职。
4、正反移位
081. I don’t think he will come.
5、译为部分否定
082. Not all minerals come from mines.
083. Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.
5. 重复Repetition
重复技巧是英译汉中的一种必不可少的翻译技巧。由于英译汉时往往需要重复原文中的某些词才能使译文表达明确具体；又由于英汉语言结构不同，重复的手段和作用也往往不尽相同，大致可分为三种。
1、为了明确
084. I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.
085. A locality has its own over-all interest, a nation has another and the earth get another.
2、为了强调
086. He wandered along the street, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding.
5. 重复Repetition
重复技巧是英译汉中的一种必不可少的翻译技巧。由于英译汉时往往需要重复原文中的某些词才能使译文表达明确具体；又由于英汉语言结构不同，重复的手段和作用也往往不尽相同，大致可分为三种。
1、为了明确
084. I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.
085. A locality has its own over-all interest, a nation has another and the earth get another.
2、为了强调
086. He wandered along the street, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding.
3、为了生动
087. While stars and nebulae look like specks or small patches of light. They are really enormous bodies.
6. 倒译技巧
英汉词句组成和排列的顺序千差万别，因此英译汉时作些调整，颠倒一下顺序，则是一种极为常见的翻译技巧，这种翻译技巧共分五种类型。
1、复合句倒译技巧。复合句倒译可分为部分倒译和完全倒译两种技巧。
088. This university has 6 newly established faculties, namely, Electronic Computer, High Energy Physics, Laser, Geo-physics, Remote Sensing, and Genetic Engineering.
英汉词句组成和排列的顺序千差万别，因此英译汉时作些调整，颠倒一下顺序，则是一种极为常见的翻译技巧，这种翻译技巧共分五种类型。
1、复合句倒译技巧。复合句倒译可分为部分倒译和完全倒译两种技巧。
088. This university has 6 newly established faculties, namely, Electronic Computer, High Energy Physics, Laser, Geo-physics, Remote Sensing, and Genetic Engineering.
089. Many laws of nature actually exist in nature though they have not yet been discovered.
2、被动句倒译的技巧。被动句倒译时，有时可将被动句倒译成主动句，有时可将状语倒译成主语。
090. The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it.
091. Table tennis is played all over China.
2、被动句倒译的技巧。被动句倒译时，有时可将被动句倒译成主动句，有时可将状语倒译成主语。
090. The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it.
091. Table tennis is played all over China.
3、以否定型副词或条件副词开头的句子的部分倒译技巧。能引起这种倒译的副词有no, never, hardly, no longer, in no way, not until, not even, only 等。
092. Never before have I read such an interesting book.
4、带有介词短语句子的部分倒译技巧
093. These data will be of some value in our research work.
5、习语的倒译技巧。
094. For its last 600 miles the Yellow River flows eastwards through the flat, fertile, North China Plain, which is densely populated.
093. These data will be of some value in our research work.
5、习语的倒译技巧。
094. For its last 600 miles the Yellow River flows eastwards through the flat, fertile, North China Plain, which is densely populated.
095. Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practice revolutionary humanitarianism.
096. We have to be quick of eye and deft of hand.
096. We have to be quick of eye and deft of hand.
7. 句子成份的转译
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，在具体英译汉时，有时往往需要转换一下句子成分，才能使译达到逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧，其内容和形式都比较丰富，运用范围也相当广泛，共包括五个方面的内容。
1、主语转译技巧，可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语、宾语、状语等。
097. To get all the stages off the ground, a first big push is needed.
098. Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly.
2、谓语转译技巧。可以将谓语转译成定语。
099. Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight.
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，在具体英译汉时，有时往往需要转换一下句子成分，才能使译达到逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧，其内容和形式都比较丰富，运用范围也相当广泛，共包括五个方面的内容。
1、主语转译技巧，可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语、宾语、状语等。
097. To get all the stages off the ground, a first big push is needed.
098. Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly.
2、谓语转译技巧。可以将谓语转译成定语。
099. Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight.
3、宾语转译技巧。可以将宾语转译成主语。
100. Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but appear in a variety of forms.
4、定语转译技巧。定语可以转译成谓语和状语。
101. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.
102. Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books, equipment and assistant, that will ensure success in their scientific research.
100. Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but appear in a variety of forms.
4、定语转译技巧。定语可以转译成谓语和状语。
101. Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.
102. Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books, equipment and assistant, that will ensure success in their scientific research.
5、状语转译技巧。状语转译一般指的是状语从句的转译。它可分作把时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句，把地点状语从转译成条件状语从句和把原因状语从句转译成因果偏正复句中的主语等三种形式。
103. These three colors, red, green and violet, when combined, produced white.
103. These three colors, red, green and violet, when combined, produced white.
104. Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light, nothing is seen.
105. Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.
8. 分句
英译汉时，由于两种语言的句子结构大不相同而往往需要改变一下句子结构以适应于汉语的表达习惯。所谓分句，就是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。
106. A man spending twelve days on the moon would find, on returning to the earth, that a year had passed by already.
英译汉时，由于两种语言的句子结构大不相同而往往需要改变一下句子结构以适应于汉语的表达习惯。所谓分句，就是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。
106. A man spending twelve days on the moon would find, on returning to the earth, that a year had passed by already.
107. It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.
108. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.
108. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.
9. 被动语态的翻译
由于表达习惯上的差异，英语往往习惯用被动语态来表达，而汉语则更多用主动语态来表达。如：That young man cannot be relied upon.译成汉语就应该是“那位年轻人不可信赖”或者“我们不能信任那位年轻人”。如果将此句译成汉语的被动句“那位年轻人不可以被信赖”，译文就会显得很别扭，不符合汉语的表达习惯。由此可见，翻译时经常进行语态的转换是十分必要的。英语中被动语态的使用十分广泛，相比之下，汉语被动语态使用的范围要小得多。因此，在英译汉时，大量被动语态的句子需要通过种种方法加以处理，以保证译文通顺流畅地表达原意。英语被动语态的汉译一般有以下几种方法。
1. 译成汉语主动句
将英语被动语态译成汉语主动语态的方法一般包括以下几种：
（1）保存原文主语
当英语被动句中的主语为无生命的名词，而且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体时，翻译时往往将原句中的主语仍然译成主语。
109. The meeting is scheduled for April 6th.
110. Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.
111. When rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place.
（2）主宾颠倒
英语中很多被动句子在表示行为主体的词前都加上by， 翻译时可将这类by结构中的宾语译成主语，而将原来的主语译成宾语。
112. She was given a new pen by her father.
113. Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.
由于表达习惯上的差异，英语往往习惯用被动语态来表达，而汉语则更多用主动语态来表达。如：That young man cannot be relied upon.译成汉语就应该是“那位年轻人不可信赖”或者“我们不能信任那位年轻人”。如果将此句译成汉语的被动句“那位年轻人不可以被信赖”，译文就会显得很别扭，不符合汉语的表达习惯。由此可见，翻译时经常进行语态的转换是十分必要的。英语中被动语态的使用十分广泛，相比之下，汉语被动语态使用的范围要小得多。因此，在英译汉时，大量被动语态的句子需要通过种种方法加以处理，以保证译文通顺流畅地表达原意。英语被动语态的汉译一般有以下几种方法。
1. 译成汉语主动句
将英语被动语态译成汉语主动语态的方法一般包括以下几种：
（1）保存原文主语
当英语被动句中的主语为无生命的名词，而且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体时，翻译时往往将原句中的主语仍然译成主语。
109. The meeting is scheduled for April 6th.
110. Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.
111. When rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place.
（2）主宾颠倒
英语中很多被动句子在表示行为主体的词前都加上by， 翻译时可将这类by结构中的宾语译成主语，而将原来的主语译成宾语。
112. She was given a new pen by her father.
113. Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.
114. Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us.
有时英语被动句中并未出现by结构，而只是代之以一个由介词短语构成的状语。这时仍可采用主宾颠倒的译法，将介词短语中的名词或名词词组译成句子的主语。
115. Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country.
116. The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter.
115. Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country.
116. The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter.
（3）增加主语
有些英语被动句并未在句中出现表示行为主体的词或词组，在翻译这类句子时，可适当增添一些不确定的主语，如“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等。
117. The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.
有些英语被动句并未在句中出现表示行为主体的词或词组，在翻译这类句子时，可适当增添一些不确定的主语，如“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等。
117. The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.
118. She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed.
119. What we say here will not be long remembered, but what we do here can change the world.
2. 译成汉语无主句
英语中有些被动句不需要或无法说出行为的主体，因此，翻译时往往译成汉语的无主句。这时，原句中的主语一般译成宾语。
120. Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.
英语中有些被动句不需要或无法说出行为的主体，因此，翻译时往往译成汉语的无主句。这时，原句中的主语一般译成宾语。
120. Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.
121. Water can be shown as containing impurities.
122. The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end.
122. The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end.
3. 译成汉语判断句
有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作，而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述，其作用与系表结构类似。因此，翻译这种英语被动句，经常采用“是...的”判断句式。
123. The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
124. Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
125. The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French revolution.
126. The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作，而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描述，其作用与系表结构类似。因此，翻译这种英语被动句，经常采用“是...的”判断句式。
123. The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
124. Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
125. The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French revolution.
126. The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
4. 译成汉语被动句
有些英语被动句着重被动的动作，因此，翻译时仍然可以翻译成汉语的被动句，以突出英语原文的被动意义。一般说来，被动句指的是具有被动形式标记的句子。虽然英语被动语态使用范围颇广，但其被动标记却很单一，主要是“be+动词的过去分词”及其变化形式。另一方面，汉语被动句式使用较少，但其被动标记要繁杂得多。汉语中表达被动意义的语言手段主要包括使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来”等等。
127. The minister was found to have appropriated government money.
有些英语被动句着重被动的动作，因此，翻译时仍然可以翻译成汉语的被动句，以突出英语原文的被动意义。一般说来，被动句指的是具有被动形式标记的句子。虽然英语被动语态使用范围颇广，但其被动标记却很单一，主要是“be+动词的过去分词”及其变化形式。另一方面，汉语被动句式使用较少，但其被动标记要繁杂得多。汉语中表达被动意义的语言手段主要包括使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来”等等。
127. The minister was found to have appropriated government money.
128. He had been fired for refusing to obey orders from the head office.
129. The schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street.
130. He was praised by his teacher.
131. Problems should be resolved in good time.
132. For a long period to come, most of China’s elderly will continue to be provided for by their families.
5. 常用被动句型“It+被动语态+that”的翻译
在这种句型中，it是形式主语，that引导出的是主语从句。汉语译文习惯上采用主动语态，有时还需要增译出泛指性的主语“我们”、“人们”、“大家”、“有人”等等，有时也可译成无主语的汉语句子，并酌情加上汉语介词“根据”或“据”。
133. It is considered that bioclimatology is an involved subject.
131. Problems should be resolved in good time.
132. For a long period to come, most of China’s elderly will continue to be provided for by their families.
5. 常用被动句型“It+被动语态+that”的翻译
在这种句型中，it是形式主语，that引导出的是主语从句。汉语译文习惯上采用主动语态，有时还需要增译出泛指性的主语“我们”、“人们”、“大家”、“有人”等等，有时也可译成无主语的汉语句子，并酌情加上汉语介词“根据”或“据”。
133. It is considered that bioclimatology is an involved subject.
134. It is stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.
135. It should be pointed out that this process is oxidation.
下面是一些常用被动句型的习惯译法：
It is hoped that... 希望，有人希望
It is assumed that... 假设，假定
It is claimed that... 据说，有人主张
It is believed that... 有人想信，大家相信
It is reported that... 据报道，据通报
It is considered that... 人们认为，据估计
It is said that... 据说，有人说
It is supposed that... 据推测，人们猜测
10. 视角转换
按照译语的思维方式或表达习惯重新组织原句的信息，从与原语不同（不包括相反）的角度来表达同样意思。
136. Good winner, good loser.
137. I won’t keep you waiting long.
138. The darkness was thinning, but the street was still dimly lighted.
It is hoped that... 希望，有人希望
It is assumed that... 假设，假定
It is claimed that... 据说，有人主张
It is believed that... 有人想信，大家相信
It is reported that... 据报道，据通报
It is considered that... 人们认为，据估计
It is said that... 据说，有人说
It is supposed that... 据推测，人们猜测
10. 视角转换
按照译语的思维方式或表达习惯重新组织原句的信息，从与原语不同（不包括相反）的角度来表达同样意思。
136. Good winner, good loser.
137. I won’t keep you waiting long.
138. The darkness was thinning, but the street was still dimly lighted.
139. He drove slowly down the hill, his elbows resting on the wheel, his chin cupped in his hands。
140. Old habits die hard.
141. A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts.
140. Old habits die hard.
141. A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts.
142. Ignorance of the law excuses no man.
Exercise
Passive Voice
143. The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.
144. On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.
Exercise
Passive Voice
143. The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.
144. On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.
145. By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
146. It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.
147. Mr. Billings cannot be deterred from his plan.
Repetition
148. They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.
Repetition
148. They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.
149. He became an oil baron - all by himself.
150. This has been our position - but not theirs.
151. The story of Jurgis is a story of groans and tears, of poor human beings destroyed by the capitalist industrial machine.
152. We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.
153. We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other - of everything but our host and hostess.
154. And the body lay white and still beneath the pines, all bathed in sunshine and in blood.
155. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength.
Amplification
156. In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together.
156. In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together.
157. He was fascinated by the political processes – the wheeling and dealing of presidential politics, the manipulating, releasing and leaking of news, the public and private talks.
158. Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.
159. Day after day he came to his work – sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
160. First you borrow, then you beg.
161. A new kind of aircraft - small, cheap, pilotless - is attracting increasing attention.
161. A new kind of aircraft - small, cheap, pilotless - is attracting increasing attention.
162. He is a complicated man - moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.
163. A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.
164. Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.
Negation
165. The first bombs missed the target.
166. Such a chance was denied me.
167. We may safely say so.
168. A: The boy is quite clever. B: Exactly.
169. The subversion attempts proved predictably futile.
Negation
165. The first bombs missed the target.
166. Such a chance was denied me.
167. We may safely say so.
168. A: The boy is quite clever. B: Exactly.
169. The subversion attempts proved predictably futile.
170. It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out.
171. We arc watching the fluid situation with concern.
172. The explanation is pretty thin.
173. His refusal is not final
174. This problem is above me.
175. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.
176. These planes were held back to protect the enemy's home islands instead of being used where they were badly needed.
177. The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered.
178. I will not go unless I hear from him.
179. The decision has to come.
180. They had barely enough time to catch the train.
错误：他们既有足够的时间赶上火车。
179. The decision has to come.
180. They had barely enough time to catch the train.
错误：他们既有足够的时间赶上火车。
CATTI 3
Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this section is 120 minutes. 60%
Parents are required by law to see that their children receive full-time education, at school or elsewhere, between the ages of 5 and 16 in England, Scotland and Wales and 4 and 16 in Northern Ireland. About 93 percent of pupils receive free education from public funds, while the others attend independent schools financed by fees paid by parents.
Many, aged 3-4 years, children attend nursery schools and classes (or, in England, reception classes in primary schools). Pre-school education may also be provided in some private day nurseries and pre-school playgroups (which are largely organized by parents).
The Government has stated its commitment to a major expansion of pre-school education and wants all children to begin school with a basic foundation in literacy and numeracy. From September 1998 it is providing free nursery education in England and Wales for all 4 year olds whose parents want it, and is committed to staged targets for provision for 3 year olds thereafter. Local education authorities, in partnership with private and voluntary providers, have drawn up “early years development plans” for securing these objectives. The plans are designed to show how co-operation between private nurseries, playgroups and schools can best serve the interests of children and their parents. From April 1999, early years development partnerships and plans will be expanded to deliver quality childcare integrated with early education. In addition, the Government is working with local authorities and others in England to establish “early excellence centers” designed to demonstrate good practice in education and childcare.
In Scotland, local education authorities have been taking the leading role, from August 1998, in planning and co-ordinating pre-school education and in providing places, working in partnership with voluntary and private providers. The Government planned to give all children in the pre-school year access to quality, part-time education by the winter of 1998.
Northern Ireland has a lower compulsory school age of 4 and a single school entry date in September each year. A pre-school education expansion programme, undertaken through partnership between the education and library boards, other statutory providers and the private and voluntary sectors, has provided additional pre-school places.
Manifesto of the Communist Party
The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part.
资产阶级在历史上曾经起过非常革命的作用。
The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal[ Patriarchal [9peItrI`B:kEl] adj.家长的, 族长的], idyllic[ idyllic [I5dIlIk] adj.田园短诗的, 牧歌的, 生动逼真的] relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley[ motley [5mRtlI] adj.杂色的, 五颜六色的, 穿染色衣的, 混杂的 n.杂色, 杂色衣服, 混杂, 小丑] feudal ties that bound man to his "natural superiors", and has left no other nexus[ nexus [5neksEs] n.连结, 关系] between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous[ callous [5kAlEs] adj.无情的, 冷淡的, 硬结的, 起老茧的] "cash payment". It has drowned out the most heavenly ecstasies[ ecstasy [5ekstEsI] n.入迷 ] of religious fervour[ fervour [`f:vE(r)] n.热情(美作:fervor)], of chivalrous[ chivalrous [5FIv(E)lrEs] adj.有武士风度的，侠义的] enthusiasm, of philistine[ Philistine [`fIlIstaIn, fI`lIstIn] n.(中东古国)腓力斯人, 仇敌, 俗气的人 adj.非利士的, 俗气的, 无教养的] sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical[ egotistical [9i:^E`tIstIk,9e^-] adj.自我本位的, 任性的 ] calculation. It has resolved[ v.决心, 决定, 决心要, (使)分解, 溶解, 解决] personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible[ indefeasible [9indi5fi:zEbl] adj. 不能废除的, 不能取消的adj.难使无效的, 不能废弃的] chartered[ chartered [5tFB:tEd] adj.受特许的] freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable[ unconscionable [Qn5kRnFEnEb(E)l] adj.不合理的, 不受良心节制的, 过度的] freedom — Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.
资产阶级在它已经取得了统治的地方把一切封建的、宗法的和田园般的关系都破坏了。它无情地斩断了把人们束缚于天然尊长的形形色色的封建羁绊，它使人和人之间除了赤裸裸的利害关系，除了冷酷无情的“现金交易”，就再也没有任何别的联系了。它把宗教虔诚、骑士热忱、小市民伤感这些情感的神圣发作，淹没在利己主义打算的冰水之中。它把人的尊严变成了交换价值，用一种没有良心的贸易自由代替了无数特许的和自力挣得的自由。总而言之，它用公开的、无耻的、直接的、露骨的剥削代替了由宗教幻想和政治幻想掩盖着的剥削。
The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo[ halo [5heIlEJ] n.（日月周围的）晕轮, 光环, 荣光 vt.使有晕轮, 围以光环 vi.成晕轮] every occupation hitherto honored and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage laborers.
资产阶级抹去了一切向来受人尊崇和令人敬畏的职业的神圣光环。它把医生、律师、教士、诗人和学者变成了它出钱招雇的雇佣劳动者。
Of Studies 论读书
STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition[ disposition [dispE5ziFEn] n. 布置, 配置, 安排; 部署] of business.
其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。
For expert men can execute,[ execute [5eksIkju:t] vt.执行, 实行, 完成, 处死, 制成, [律]经签名盖章等手续使(证书)生效] and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels,[ counsel [5kaJns(E)l] n.讨论, 商议, 辩护律师 vt.劝告, 忠告] and the plots and marshalling[ marshal [5mB:F(E)l] n.元帅, 典礼官, 执行官, 司仪官 vt.整顿, 配置, 汇集] of affairs, come best, from those that are learned.
练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。
To spend too much time in studies is sloth;[ sloth [slEJW] n.怠惰, 懒惰] to use them too much for ornament, is affectation;[ affectation [Afek5teIF(E)n] n.假装, 虚饰, 做作] to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor[ A person's characteristic disposition or temperament: 气质，性格一个人典型的性情或脾气：] of a scholar.
读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。
They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning,[ prune [pru:n] v.剪除] by study; and studies themselves, do give forth[ give forth v.发出, 发表] directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.
读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。
Crafty[ crafty [5krB:ftI] adj.狡诈的, 诡计多端的, 善于骗人的] men contemn[ contemn [kEn5tem] vt.侮辱, 蔑视] studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that there is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.
有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。
Read not to contradict and confute;[ confute [kEn5fju:t] vt.驳斥, 驳倒] nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。
Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner[ mean [mi:n] adj.低劣的, 卑鄙的, 普通的, 吝啬的, 简陋的] sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy[浮华的；外表好看的, 华而不实的] things.
书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。
Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not.
因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores(Studies pass into the character).
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。
Nay,[ nay [neI] adv.<书>不仅如此, 而且 n.拒绝, 反对, 投反对票 adv.<古>否, 不] there is no stand[ stand n.停止, 抵抗的状态, 立场] or impediment[ impediment [Im5pedImEnt] n.妨碍, 阻碍, 障碍物, (言语)障碍, 口吃, 障碍物] in the wit, but may be wrought[ wrought [rR:t] vbl.work的过去式和过去分词 adj.做成的, 形成的, 精炼的, [冶](金属)锻造的] out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises.
人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。
Bowling is good for the stone[ [古]睾丸 testicle] and reins;[ reins [reinz] n. [pl. ][古] (一对)腰子, 腰部 感情, 爱情, 激情 rein n.缰绳, 统治, 支配] shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like.
滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。
So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again.
如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；
If his wit be not apt[ apt [Apt] adj.易于...的, 有...倾向的, 灵敏的, 灵巧的, 适当的, 切题的, 敏捷, 倾向是] to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen;[经院学者] for they are cyminisectors (hair-splitters).
如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；
If he be not apt to beat over[ beat over 调查; 追究] matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases.
如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。
So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。
The 9 Insights of the Wealthy Soul
By Dr. Michael Norwood
When my father was slowly progressing through the phases of a terminal illness, as a final legacy he revealed to me a sequence of 9 extraordinary "wealth-building" steps he nicknamed, "The 9 Insights of the Wealthy Soul."
On the surface, his lessons appeared to be about building material wealth. On a much deeper level, these insights held the secret for overcoming our greatest challenges and achieving the highest wealth of the soul.
My father himself had used these same insights as an army pilot-trainee to turn several near-crashes into soaring flights. Later, these insights were the means through which he would raise himself up from the devastating death of his beloved daughter - my sister.
Four years after my father's last great lessons to me, while actually writing a book on the subject, I awakened one morning perceiving a profoundly deeper significance of his 9 Insights. I suddenly understood that they are the actual stages of "TRANSFORMATION."
Whether you desire to transform a dream into reality, failure into triumph, grief into grace, or a relationship breakdown into a bridge of love and higher understanding, these universal principles are the means you can naturally accomplish your goals. Here is a summary of my father's "9 Insights of the Wealthy Soul":
不管你渴望梦想成真，转败为胜，否极泰来，还是破镜重圆，这些放之四海皆准的准则，会助你一臂之力。下面就是父亲大人的“富有心灵的9个感悟”的概要。
Insight 1: INSIGHT
Just as a tree begins with a seed, so too, is Insight the "seed" that begins your transformation. One of the greatest insights is simply the knowledge that "You Can." You CAN overcome your greatest challenges. You CAN transform your dreams into your own living, breathing reality. You CAN create a new life for yourself and your loved ones.
领悟1：领悟
就像树开始于一粒种子，同样，领悟的种子开始你的改变。一个最伟大的领悟之一是最简单的“你能”。你能克服最大的挑战。你能把你的梦想转变成你拥有的现实，真实感受。你可以为你和你爱的人创造新的生活。
Insight 2: TIMING
The saying "timing is everything" is not just a nice expression. Without developing excellent timing, you will always be fighting the natural ebb[ n.退, 弱, 退潮, 衰落] and flow[ ebb and flow 潮的涨落,盛衰,消长] of the universe. Just as most seeds sprout[ [] v.萌芽] on a particular day in springtime, YOU can develop the ability to recognize the precise day of spring for all you do.
领悟2：时机
说“时机就是一切”并非好的表达。没有绝佳的发展时机，你必须同宇宙的自然衰老和流动做斗争。像是很多种子都在春天特定的时候发芽，你可以在春天适当的日子为你所做的一切发展能力。
Whether asking for a raise, launching a business venture, or bringing up a difficult subject to a friend, loved one or business partner, your ability to recognize the often brief moments of maximum opportunity will determine how much success and balance you achieve.
无论请求升职或提薪，还是开始一项冒险的事业，或者向朋友，爱人或者生意伙伴提出一个困难课题，对最大机遇中常有的简短时刻的辨别能力，将决定你能获得多少成功和平衡。
Insight 3: PATIENCE
Only humans are impatient. Seeds do not attempt to turn into trees in winter. Eagles don't try to soar during rainstorms. And may flowers do not blossom in August. Developing patience - your ability to wait for the right moment in your life cycle to accomplish a particular task or goal - is all important to develop excellent timing and great success.
感悟3：耐心
只有人类是急躁的。种子是不会在冬日试图长成树的。鹰也不会在暴风雨中高飞。很多花儿不会在八月开花。开发忍耐力-在你生命周期中等待最佳时机达成一项特殊任务或目标的能力-这是对发展绝佳时机和伟大成功至关重要的。
Insight 4: SURRENDER
What must you do to let go of your need to control things? How can you let go of your past mistakes and history that may be preventing you from moving forward? How do you spiritually surrender to "the process?"
感悟4：放弃
若想放开控制事物的欲望，你必须做些什么？如何能放开阻止你前进的先前犯下的错误和历史？如何在精神上屈从于“过程”？
Without spiritual surrender, you will never be content; you will never have patience and excellent timing. You will never experience the joy and "flow" of having the greatest business and life partner you could ever possibly have: namely, "The Universe" and "God."
没有精神上的投降，你永远不会满足；你不会有耐心和绝佳时机。你将永远不会体验到拥有最伟大的生意或者生命伙伴的快乐和过程，这个伙伴，也就是，“宇宙万物”和“上帝”，你本来也许可以拥有。
Insight 5: GROUNDING
With strong roots, a tree will survive any storm. When YOU create a strong foundation, your greatest efforts will withstand the many storms and challenges you inevitably face in achieving your goals.
感悟5：基础
有强壮的根基，一棵树将会挺过任何暴风雨。当你创造一个强壮的基础，你的巨大努力会抵挡住你在达成目标过程中无法避免遇到的很多风雨和挑战。
Grounding is what you use to nourish and nurture your goals. Grounding is the books, tapes, schooling, seminars, and people you surround yourself with to support yourself in whatever you want to achieve.
基础用来强壮和培育你的目标。基础是书籍，磁带，学校，研讨小组和人们，他们被聚集在周围，在任何你想成就的事情中支持你。
Want to have a great relationship? Learn from those who already have one. Want to earn a million dollars? Read books, listen to tapes, and receive coaching by those who show you how. When you have ample "grounding" to support your dreams, the challenges that come along are merely temporary storms that ultimately make you stronger and more highly energized.
想获得伟大的友谊，去向那些早已有伟大友谊的人学习。想赚得百万美金？看书，听磁带去接受先知指导。当你拥有足够的基础去支持你的梦想，接踵而至的挑战仅仅是暂时的暴风雨，他们最终将使你变得更强壮和更有力量。
Insight 6: BALANCE
This is a tough one, especially for the most successful people. Even when a tree is well developed, without regular water, sunshine and nourishment, it will not be healthy. What must you do to balance yourself?
感悟6：平衡
这个是困难的，尤其对于最成功的人。即使一棵发展良好的大树，若没有适当的水，阳光和滋润，它将不会再健康。做什么才能平衡自己呢？
How much sunshine do you get?
你获得了多少阳光？
How much exercise do you regularly do?
你规律训练是多少？
How nourishing is your diet?
你的日常饮食营养如何？
How much quiet time do you take on a daily basis with yourself and your loved ones?
你一天中分配多少闲静时间给你自己和你的爱人。
Life is a balancing act. Isn't the minute, hour, day or month you save by working through your natural point of balance just another minute, hour, day or month you subtract from your lifetime?
生命是个平衡的活动。通过运用平衡自然点节省出的每分、每小时、每天或者每月，不正是你生命去耗掉的其他某分，某小时，某天或某月吗？
Take breaks to smell the roses along the way, and in fact, you'll naturally discover the universe rises up to become your partner rather than it being you against the world.
休息时去闻闻沿途中的玫瑰，事实上，你会自然地发现宇宙升起变成了你的伙伴而不是你对抗的世界。
接受这个世界，好与不好的你都要接受，去顺应它。
Insight 7: GROWTH
Growth automatically occurs in direct proportion to your ability to empower yourself with the first 6 Insights.
感悟7：成长
成长自动正比于你用前6种感悟武装自己的能力。
Insight 8: EVOLUTION
Evolution blossoms when your growth takes you to a new and higher stage of life, unfolding a powerful Vision of your life you probably never foresaw.
感悟8：进化
当你的成长，展现给你生活中可能从未遇见过的强大视界，带你到一个新兴和更高的生活阶段时，进化便发生了。
Insight 9: TRANSFORMATION
感悟9：转变
Transformation occurs when you become something very different than that which you started off as. Your initial seed of Insight becomes a tree of knowledge and accomplishment. You are ready for something greater than achieving for your own personal gain.
转变发生于你变得跟刚开始很不一样的时刻。你最初感悟的种子开始变成学识和成就的大树。你开始准备去追求比以前个人功利更高尚的目标。
You, the student, become the teacher, the mentor, the leader. You are the vessel of seeds to birth a new generation. You enjoy the glow of knowing you have followed your highest path that ultimately leads you to helping others follow theirs.
你，从学生，变成了老师，从顾问，变成了领袖。你是种子新生代的容器。你喜爱知识的光环，行走于至高的道路上——最终指引你帮助其他人找到属于他们的路。
All along, you have been transforming into a balanced, wealthy and fulfilled human being.
自始至终，你变成了一个平衡的，富有的和完整的人。
All along, you have been transforming yourself into a "Wealthy Soul."
自始至终，你使自己 具有了“高贵的心灵”
We Real Cool
THE POOL PLAYERS.
SEVEN AT THE GOLDEN SHOVEL.
Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this section is 120 minutes. 60%
Parents are required by law to see that their children receive full-time education, at school or elsewhere, between the ages of 5 and 16 in England, Scotland and Wales and 4 and 16 in Northern Ireland. About 93 percent of pupils receive free education from public funds, while the others attend independent schools financed by fees paid by parents.
Many, aged 3-4 years, children attend nursery schools and classes (or, in England, reception classes in primary schools). Pre-school education may also be provided in some private day nurseries and pre-school playgroups (which are largely organized by parents).
The Government has stated its commitment to a major expansion of pre-school education and wants all children to begin school with a basic foundation in literacy and numeracy. From September 1998 it is providing free nursery education in England and Wales for all 4 year olds whose parents want it, and is committed to staged targets for provision for 3 year olds thereafter. Local education authorities, in partnership with private and voluntary providers, have drawn up “early years development plans” for securing these objectives. The plans are designed to show how co-operation between private nurseries, playgroups and schools can best serve the interests of children and their parents. From April 1999, early years development partnerships and plans will be expanded to deliver quality childcare integrated with early education. In addition, the Government is working with local authorities and others in England to establish “early excellence centers” designed to demonstrate good practice in education and childcare.
In Scotland, local education authorities have been taking the leading role, from August 1998, in planning and co-ordinating pre-school education and in providing places, working in partnership with voluntary and private providers. The Government planned to give all children in the pre-school year access to quality, part-time education by the winter of 1998.
Northern Ireland has a lower compulsory school age of 4 and a single school entry date in September each year. A pre-school education expansion programme, undertaken through partnership between the education and library boards, other statutory providers and the private and voluntary sectors, has provided additional pre-school places.
Manifesto of the Communist Party
The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part.
资产阶级在历史上曾经起过非常革命的作用。
The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal[ Patriarchal [9peItrI`B:kEl] adj.家长的, 族长的], idyllic[ idyllic [I5dIlIk] adj.田园短诗的, 牧歌的, 生动逼真的] relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley[ motley [5mRtlI] adj.杂色的, 五颜六色的, 穿染色衣的, 混杂的 n.杂色, 杂色衣服, 混杂, 小丑] feudal ties that bound man to his "natural superiors", and has left no other nexus[ nexus [5neksEs] n.连结, 关系] between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous[ callous [5kAlEs] adj.无情的, 冷淡的, 硬结的, 起老茧的] "cash payment". It has drowned out the most heavenly ecstasies[ ecstasy [5ekstEsI] n.入迷 ] of religious fervour[ fervour [`f:vE(r)] n.热情(美作:fervor)], of chivalrous[ chivalrous [5FIv(E)lrEs] adj.有武士风度的，侠义的] enthusiasm, of philistine[ Philistine [`fIlIstaIn, fI`lIstIn] n.(中东古国)腓力斯人, 仇敌, 俗气的人 adj.非利士的, 俗气的, 无教养的] sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical[ egotistical [9i:^E`tIstIk,9e^-] adj.自我本位的, 任性的 ] calculation. It has resolved[ v.决心, 决定, 决心要, (使)分解, 溶解, 解决] personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible[ indefeasible [9indi5fi:zEbl] adj. 不能废除的, 不能取消的adj.难使无效的, 不能废弃的] chartered[ chartered [5tFB:tEd] adj.受特许的] freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable[ unconscionable [Qn5kRnFEnEb(E)l] adj.不合理的, 不受良心节制的, 过度的] freedom — Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.
资产阶级在它已经取得了统治的地方把一切封建的、宗法的和田园般的关系都破坏了。它无情地斩断了把人们束缚于天然尊长的形形色色的封建羁绊，它使人和人之间除了赤裸裸的利害关系，除了冷酷无情的“现金交易”，就再也没有任何别的联系了。它把宗教虔诚、骑士热忱、小市民伤感这些情感的神圣发作，淹没在利己主义打算的冰水之中。它把人的尊严变成了交换价值，用一种没有良心的贸易自由代替了无数特许的和自力挣得的自由。总而言之，它用公开的、无耻的、直接的、露骨的剥削代替了由宗教幻想和政治幻想掩盖着的剥削。
The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo[ halo [5heIlEJ] n.（日月周围的）晕轮, 光环, 荣光 vt.使有晕轮, 围以光环 vi.成晕轮] every occupation hitherto honored and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage laborers.
资产阶级抹去了一切向来受人尊崇和令人敬畏的职业的神圣光环。它把医生、律师、教士、诗人和学者变成了它出钱招雇的雇佣劳动者。
Of Studies 论读书
STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition[ disposition [dispE5ziFEn] n. 布置, 配置, 安排; 部署] of business.
其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。
For expert men can execute,[ execute [5eksIkju:t] vt.执行, 实行, 完成, 处死, 制成, [律]经签名盖章等手续使(证书)生效] and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels,[ counsel [5kaJns(E)l] n.讨论, 商议, 辩护律师 vt.劝告, 忠告] and the plots and marshalling[ marshal [5mB:F(E)l] n.元帅, 典礼官, 执行官, 司仪官 vt.整顿, 配置, 汇集] of affairs, come best, from those that are learned.
练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。
To spend too much time in studies is sloth;[ sloth [slEJW] n.怠惰, 懒惰] to use them too much for ornament, is affectation;[ affectation [Afek5teIF(E)n] n.假装, 虚饰, 做作] to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor[ A person's characteristic disposition or temperament: 气质，性格一个人典型的性情或脾气：] of a scholar.
读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。
They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning,[ prune [pru:n] v.剪除] by study; and studies themselves, do give forth[ give forth v.发出, 发表] directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.
读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。
Crafty[ crafty [5krB:ftI] adj.狡诈的, 诡计多端的, 善于骗人的] men contemn[ contemn [kEn5tem] vt.侮辱, 蔑视] studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that there is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.
有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。
Read not to contradict and confute;[ confute [kEn5fju:t] vt.驳斥, 驳倒] nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。
Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner[ mean [mi:n] adj.低劣的, 卑鄙的, 普通的, 吝啬的, 简陋的] sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy[浮华的；外表好看的, 华而不实的] things.
书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。
Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not.
因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores(Studies pass into the character).
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。
Nay,[ nay [neI] adv.<书>不仅如此, 而且 n.拒绝, 反对, 投反对票 adv.<古>否, 不] there is no stand[ stand n.停止, 抵抗的状态, 立场] or impediment[ impediment [Im5pedImEnt] n.妨碍, 阻碍, 障碍物, (言语)障碍, 口吃, 障碍物] in the wit, but may be wrought[ wrought [rR:t] vbl.work的过去式和过去分词 adj.做成的, 形成的, 精炼的, [冶](金属)锻造的] out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises.
人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。
Bowling is good for the stone[ [古]睾丸 testicle] and reins;[ reins [reinz] n. [pl. ][古] (一对)腰子, 腰部 感情, 爱情, 激情 rein n.缰绳, 统治, 支配] shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like.
滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。
So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again.
如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；
If his wit be not apt[ apt [Apt] adj.易于...的, 有...倾向的, 灵敏的, 灵巧的, 适当的, 切题的, 敏捷, 倾向是] to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen;[经院学者] for they are cyminisectors (hair-splitters).
如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；
If he be not apt to beat over[ beat over 调查; 追究] matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases.
如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。
So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。
The 9 Insights of the Wealthy Soul
By Dr. Michael Norwood
When my father was slowly progressing through the phases of a terminal illness, as a final legacy he revealed to me a sequence of 9 extraordinary "wealth-building" steps he nicknamed, "The 9 Insights of the Wealthy Soul."
On the surface, his lessons appeared to be about building material wealth. On a much deeper level, these insights held the secret for overcoming our greatest challenges and achieving the highest wealth of the soul.
My father himself had used these same insights as an army pilot-trainee to turn several near-crashes into soaring flights. Later, these insights were the means through which he would raise himself up from the devastating death of his beloved daughter - my sister.
Four years after my father's last great lessons to me, while actually writing a book on the subject, I awakened one morning perceiving a profoundly deeper significance of his 9 Insights. I suddenly understood that they are the actual stages of "TRANSFORMATION."
Whether you desire to transform a dream into reality, failure into triumph, grief into grace, or a relationship breakdown into a bridge of love and higher understanding, these universal principles are the means you can naturally accomplish your goals. Here is a summary of my father's "9 Insights of the Wealthy Soul":
不管你渴望梦想成真，转败为胜，否极泰来，还是破镜重圆，这些放之四海皆准的准则，会助你一臂之力。下面就是父亲大人的“富有心灵的9个感悟”的概要。
Insight 1: INSIGHT
Just as a tree begins with a seed, so too, is Insight the "seed" that begins your transformation. One of the greatest insights is simply the knowledge that "You Can." You CAN overcome your greatest challenges. You CAN transform your dreams into your own living, breathing reality. You CAN create a new life for yourself and your loved ones.
领悟1：领悟
就像树开始于一粒种子，同样，领悟的种子开始你的改变。一个最伟大的领悟之一是最简单的“你能”。你能克服最大的挑战。你能把你的梦想转变成你拥有的现实，真实感受。你可以为你和你爱的人创造新的生活。
Insight 2: TIMING
The saying "timing is everything" is not just a nice expression. Without developing excellent timing, you will always be fighting the natural ebb[ n.退, 弱, 退潮, 衰落] and flow[ ebb and flow 潮的涨落,盛衰,消长] of the universe. Just as most seeds sprout[ [] v.萌芽] on a particular day in springtime, YOU can develop the ability to recognize the precise day of spring for all you do.
领悟2：时机
说“时机就是一切”并非好的表达。没有绝佳的发展时机，你必须同宇宙的自然衰老和流动做斗争。像是很多种子都在春天特定的时候发芽，你可以在春天适当的日子为你所做的一切发展能力。
Whether asking for a raise, launching a business venture, or bringing up a difficult subject to a friend, loved one or business partner, your ability to recognize the often brief moments of maximum opportunity will determine how much success and balance you achieve.
无论请求升职或提薪，还是开始一项冒险的事业，或者向朋友，爱人或者生意伙伴提出一个困难课题，对最大机遇中常有的简短时刻的辨别能力，将决定你能获得多少成功和平衡。
Insight 3: PATIENCE
Only humans are impatient. Seeds do not attempt to turn into trees in winter. Eagles don't try to soar during rainstorms. And may flowers do not blossom in August. Developing patience - your ability to wait for the right moment in your life cycle to accomplish a particular task or goal - is all important to develop excellent timing and great success.
感悟3：耐心
只有人类是急躁的。种子是不会在冬日试图长成树的。鹰也不会在暴风雨中高飞。很多花儿不会在八月开花。开发忍耐力-在你生命周期中等待最佳时机达成一项特殊任务或目标的能力-这是对发展绝佳时机和伟大成功至关重要的。
Insight 4: SURRENDER
What must you do to let go of your need to control things? How can you let go of your past mistakes and history that may be preventing you from moving forward? How do you spiritually surrender to "the process?"
感悟4：放弃
若想放开控制事物的欲望，你必须做些什么？如何能放开阻止你前进的先前犯下的错误和历史？如何在精神上屈从于“过程”？
Without spiritual surrender, you will never be content; you will never have patience and excellent timing. You will never experience the joy and "flow" of having the greatest business and life partner you could ever possibly have: namely, "The Universe" and "God."
没有精神上的投降，你永远不会满足；你不会有耐心和绝佳时机。你将永远不会体验到拥有最伟大的生意或者生命伙伴的快乐和过程，这个伙伴，也就是，“宇宙万物”和“上帝”，你本来也许可以拥有。
Insight 5: GROUNDING
With strong roots, a tree will survive any storm. When YOU create a strong foundation, your greatest efforts will withstand the many storms and challenges you inevitably face in achieving your goals.
感悟5：基础
有强壮的根基，一棵树将会挺过任何暴风雨。当你创造一个强壮的基础，你的巨大努力会抵挡住你在达成目标过程中无法避免遇到的很多风雨和挑战。
Grounding is what you use to nourish and nurture your goals. Grounding is the books, tapes, schooling, seminars, and people you surround yourself with to support yourself in whatever you want to achieve.
基础用来强壮和培育你的目标。基础是书籍，磁带，学校，研讨小组和人们，他们被聚集在周围，在任何你想成就的事情中支持你。
Want to have a great relationship? Learn from those who already have one. Want to earn a million dollars? Read books, listen to tapes, and receive coaching by those who show you how. When you have ample "grounding" to support your dreams, the challenges that come along are merely temporary storms that ultimately make you stronger and more highly energized.
想获得伟大的友谊，去向那些早已有伟大友谊的人学习。想赚得百万美金？看书，听磁带去接受先知指导。当你拥有足够的基础去支持你的梦想，接踵而至的挑战仅仅是暂时的暴风雨，他们最终将使你变得更强壮和更有力量。
Insight 6: BALANCE
This is a tough one, especially for the most successful people. Even when a tree is well developed, without regular water, sunshine and nourishment, it will not be healthy. What must you do to balance yourself?
感悟6：平衡
这个是困难的，尤其对于最成功的人。即使一棵发展良好的大树，若没有适当的水，阳光和滋润，它将不会再健康。做什么才能平衡自己呢？
How much sunshine do you get?
你获得了多少阳光？
How much exercise do you regularly do?
你规律训练是多少？
How nourishing is your diet?
你的日常饮食营养如何？
How much quiet time do you take on a daily basis with yourself and your loved ones?
你一天中分配多少闲静时间给你自己和你的爱人。
Life is a balancing act. Isn't the minute, hour, day or month you save by working through your natural point of balance just another minute, hour, day or month you subtract from your lifetime?
生命是个平衡的活动。通过运用平衡自然点节省出的每分、每小时、每天或者每月，不正是你生命去耗掉的其他某分，某小时，某天或某月吗？
Take breaks to smell the roses along the way, and in fact, you'll naturally discover the universe rises up to become your partner rather than it being you against the world.
休息时去闻闻沿途中的玫瑰，事实上，你会自然地发现宇宙升起变成了你的伙伴而不是你对抗的世界。
接受这个世界，好与不好的你都要接受，去顺应它。
Insight 7: GROWTH
Growth automatically occurs in direct proportion to your ability to empower yourself with the first 6 Insights.
感悟7：成长
成长自动正比于你用前6种感悟武装自己的能力。
Insight 8: EVOLUTION
Evolution blossoms when your growth takes you to a new and higher stage of life, unfolding a powerful Vision of your life you probably never foresaw.
感悟8：进化
当你的成长，展现给你生活中可能从未遇见过的强大视界，带你到一个新兴和更高的生活阶段时，进化便发生了。
Insight 9: TRANSFORMATION
感悟9：转变
Transformation occurs when you become something very different than that which you started off as. Your initial seed of Insight becomes a tree of knowledge and accomplishment. You are ready for something greater than achieving for your own personal gain.
转变发生于你变得跟刚开始很不一样的时刻。你最初感悟的种子开始变成学识和成就的大树。你开始准备去追求比以前个人功利更高尚的目标。
You, the student, become the teacher, the mentor, the leader. You are the vessel of seeds to birth a new generation. You enjoy the glow of knowing you have followed your highest path that ultimately leads you to helping others follow theirs.
你，从学生，变成了老师，从顾问，变成了领袖。你是种子新生代的容器。你喜爱知识的光环，行走于至高的道路上——最终指引你帮助其他人找到属于他们的路。
All along, you have been transforming into a balanced, wealthy and fulfilled human being.
自始至终，你变成了一个平衡的，富有的和完整的人。
All along, you have been transforming yourself into a "Wealthy Soul."
自始至终，你使自己 具有了“高贵的心灵”
We Real Cool
THE POOL PLAYERS.
SEVEN AT THE GOLDEN SHOVEL.
We real cool. We
Left school. We
Lurk late. We
Strike straight. We
Sing sin. We
Thin gin. We
Strike straight. We
Sing sin. We
Thin gin. We
Jazz June. We
Die soon.
Die soon.
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