解放军文职招聘考试A Rare Fossil Record

 A Rare Fossil Record

The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the

fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons  are usually scattered  by

scavengers or destroyed by weathering  before they can  be  fossilized. 

Ichthyosaurs  had  a      higher  chance  of  being  preserved  than  did 

terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in  

environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required 

a suite  of factors:  a slow rate of  decay       of soft tissues, little

scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble

and carry away   small bones,  and  fairly  rapid  burial.  Given  these 

factors,  some  areas  have  become  a  treasury  of well-preserved    

ichthyosaur fossils.

The   deposits  at  Holzmaden,  Germany,  present   an   interesting  case 

for  analysis.  The ichthyosaur remains are found in   black, bituminous

marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years,

thousands of specimens of    marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been

recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is  outstanding, but

what is even more   impressive   is   the   number   of   ichthyosaur  

fossils   containing   preserved   embryos.

Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the

shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that  a specific site

was used  by large numbers  of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The 

embryos are quite advanced  in their physical development; their paddles,

for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the

birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns

that are between 20 and 30 inches long.

Why are there so  many pregnant females and  young  at Holzmaden when they

are so rare elsewhere? The quality of  preservation is almost unmatched and 

quarry operations have  been carried out carefully  with  an awareness of 

the  value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the

interesting question of how there came to be such a    concentration of

pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of

giving birth.

罕见的化石记录  胚胎与幼体被保存下来在化石记录中是少见的事情。微小纤细的骨骼 通常在石化前就被食腐肉的动物拆散了，或者被风化作用破坏掉了。 

鱼龙比起陆地的动物 有更大的几率被保存下来，因为它们作为海洋动物常生活在腐蚀性较小的环境中。  但是它

们的石化需要一系列因素：软组织的腐烂速度缓慢，很少被其他动物残食，缺少混杂、冲走 小骨头的快速水流和波浪，以及相当快地被掩埋。 

当这些因素存在时，某些地区就会变成 一个充满保存完好的鱼龙化石的宝库。在德国获尔兹梅登，那儿的沉积物给人们提出了一个 有趣的分析案例。 

人们在黑色的、含沥青的海洋页岩中发现了约 19，000 年前沉积下来的 鱼龙化石。 

几年时间内，在这些岩石中取得了数以千计的海洋爬行动物、鱼类以及无脊椎 动物的标本。 

它们的保存质量非常的好，但更令人称奇的是保存下来的育有胚胎的鱼龙化 石数目。  在获尔兹梅登附近一个小地区的六个不同的页岩层中分别发现了育有胚胎的鱼龙

化石。 这表明大量的鱼龙经年累月重复使用一个特定的地点。 那些胚胎已经发育得相当完 整了。  比如，它们的蹼桨已经完全形成了。 

有一个标本甚至被保存在产道中。  而且，那 块页岩包含着很多在 20 到 30 英寸之间的新生幼体的化石。为什么在其他地方那么稀少的怀

孕雌兽和幼体在获尔兹梅登却那么多呢?  因为其保存质量几乎举世无双，采集工作的进行一 直是一丝不苟的。 

大家都认识到这些化石的价值极其珍贵，但这些因素并不能解释这个有 趣的问题：  为什么在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群呢?