解放军文职招聘考试Scientific Theories

 Scientific Theories

In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that

are related. A theory often involves an      imaginary model that helps

scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good

example of this  is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases

are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant

motion.

A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to

predict events that have not as yet been   observed. After a theory has been

publicized, scientists design experiments to test  the theory. If

observations      confirm the scientists' predictions,  the theory is 

supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists

must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory

may have to be revised or      rejected.

Science involves imagination and  creative thinking  as well as collecting 

information and performing experiments.    Facts by themselves are not

science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said,"Science is built

with facts     just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts 

cannot  be  called science any more than a pile  of   bricks  can  be called 

a house." Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other

scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have

been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that

requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are

formulated. These possible solutions are called     hypotheses.

In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the

scientist's thinking beyond the known facts.    The scientist plans

experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test

hypotheses. Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and

direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into

theories.

科学理论

 

在科学中，理论是对所观察到的相关事件的合理解释。 理论通常包含一个虚构的模型，

这个模型帮助科学家构想所观察到的事件是如何发生的。  分子运动理论便是我们能找到的 一个很好的例子。

在这个理论中，气体被描绘成由许多不断运动的小颗粒组成。 一个有用 的理论，除了能够解释过去的观测，还有助于预测那些未被观测到的事件。  一个理论公开

后，科学家们设计实验来检验这个理论。  如果观察证实了科学家的预言，这个理论则得到 了验证。 如果观察不能证实科学家的预言，科学家就必须进一步的研究。

或许是实验存在 错误，或许是这个理论必须被修改或抛弃。  科学家除了收集信息和操作实验外还需要想象 能力和创/造性思维。  事实本身并不是科学。 

正如数学家乔斯·亨利·波恩克尔所说："科 学建立在事实之上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。  但事实的收集不能被称作科学，就像一堆砖 不能被叫作房子一样。 

"多数科学家通过找出别的科学家在一个特定问题上的所知来开始研 究。在收集了已知事实之后，科学家开始了研究中需要相当想像力的部分。  他们尔后拟订

对这个问题的可行的解决方法。这些可行的解决方式被称为假设。  在某种意义上，任何假

设都是向未知的跳跃。它使科学家的思维超越已知事实。科学家计划实验、计算、观测以检 验假定。若没有假设，进一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向。 

当假设被证实了，就成为理论的 一部分。