解放军文职招聘考试The Alaska Pipeline

 The Alaska Pipeline

The Alaska pipeline starts  at the frozen  edge  of the  Arctic ocean. It

stretches southward across  the  largest and northernmost state in  the

United States,  ending at a remote ice      free seaport  village  nearly  800 

miles  from  where  it  begins.  It  is  massive  in  size  and  extremely

complicated to operate. The steel  pipe crosses windswept  plains  and 

endless miles of  delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It weaves

through crooked canyons, climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky crags,

makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds of

rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and up to 2 million

barrels (or 84 million gallons) of crude  oil  can  be pumped through it

daily. Resting on  H  shaped steel racks called

"bents", long sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag course high above

the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or

rocky ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the

pipeline's up       and down route is determined by the often harsh demands of

the Arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the land, and the

varied compositions of soil, rock, or permafrost(permanently frozen

ground). A little more than half of the pipeline is elevated above the

ground. The remainder is buried anywhere from 3 to 12 feet, depending

largely upon the type of  terrain and  the properties of  the soil. One of 

the  largest  in  the world, the pipeline cost approximately  ＄8 billion

and is by far the biggest and most expensive construction project ever

undertaken by private industry. In fact, no single business could raise

that much money, so 8 major oil companies formed a consortium in order to

share the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to  particular  shares 

of  land  in  the  oil  fields  and  paid  into  the  pipeline      construction

 fund according  to  the  size  of  its  holdings.  Today,  despite 

enormous  problems  of  climate,  supply shortages, equipment breakdowns,

labor disagreements,  treacherous terrain, a certain amount of

mismanagement, and even theft, the Alaska pipeline has been completed and

is operating.

阿拉斯加输油管阿拉斯加输油管道以北冰洋的冻冰边缘为起点，向南延伸穿过美国的最 北又是最大的州，在离起点 800 英里以外的一个偏僻的不冻海港中止。 

它跨幅巨大，而且 运作极端复杂。  这个钢质管道穿过强风不断的草原和无边无尽的覆盖于冻土之上的苔原。

它盘垣于弯曲的峡谷之间，攀上陡峭的山峰，从岩石遍布的峭壁俯冲下来，穿越浓密的森林， 从上或从下经过成百上千  条的河流与溪水。 

管道的直径有四英尺，每天能运送高达  200 百万桶(合 8400 万加仑)的原油。 枕在 H 型的铁架上，管道长长的一部分在冰冻地面的上空

走着"之"字形。 其它部分消失在松软或坚硬的地面下然后又回到地面上。 管道这种或上或

下的路线决定于严酷的极带和副极带气候、复杂的地形和构造各异的土壤、岩石、永久冻土。 一大半管道悬在地面上空，其余部分则埋入 3 至 12 英尺的地下。

深浅大部分由地形状况和 土壤特征而定。 作为世上最大的管道之一，它花费了将近 80 亿美元，至今仍是私有产业进 行的最浩大最昂贵的建筑工程。

实际上，单个公司不可能拿出这么多的资金。 为了分担成 本，八大石油公司组成了一个大财团。  每个公司都控制着油田中一定土地上的开采权，并

由股份的比例把资金投入到管道建设中。  尽管有气候严寒、供应不足、设备损坏、劳工纠

纷、地形复杂等巨大困难，并有一些管理上的不善甚至被盗现象，阿拉斯加管道现已峻工并 正在运行。