新兴产业是新形成或重新形成的产业，下列选项中属于新兴产业常见发展障碍的是( )。 A.专有技术选择、获取与应用的困难 B.被替代品的反应 C.顾客的困惑与等待观望 D.缺少承担风险的胆略与能力

剑桥集团为了加强损失事件的管理，与国内甲银行签订了一份合约，约定剑桥集团如果遭受损失达到企业净资产的50%时，甲银行有义务向该公司提供与市场利率相同的银行贷款，则剑桥公司管理损失事件的方法属于( )。

A.风险规避

B.专业自保

C.保险

D.应急资本

甲公司是泰国国一家生产洗衣机的企业，家电行业全球化非常严重，众多国际巨头进入泰国市场参与竞争，而甲公司虽然在泰国经营多年，但优势资源也不能够转移到海外，则甲公司面临全球化竞争，应扮演的角色为( )。

A.抗衡者

B.扩张者

C.躲闪者

D.防御者

Y公司是国内知名的口香糖生产销售企业，2008年后，甲公司推出“饭后嚼两粒”的广告语，使甲公司产品在行业内占有率不断提升。从发展战略来看，甲公司这种措施属于( )。

A.市场开发

B.产品开发

C.市场渗透

D.多元化战略

In January 2011 Department Store entered into a sales contract with Appliance Co to buy 100 refrigerators from the latter at a price of RMB 3,000 yuan/piece, total price being RMB 300,000 yuan. The payment would be made in two instalments: 100,000 yuan as advance payment to be paid after the conclusion of the contract, and the remaining 200,000 yuan to be paid in April 2011. Upon receiving the advance payment Appliance Co would deliver all the products. After the conclusion of the sales contract, Department Store made the first payment of 100,000 yuan and received all the products delivered by Appliance Co.

In the same month, Appliance Co intended to rent a space of 100 m 2 from Department Store to exhibit its other appliance products. For this purpose the two parties entered into a rental agreement and agreed upon the following terms and conditions: the term of rental would be one year as from January to December 2011; the total rental would be RMB 400,000 yuan and be paid RMB 100,000 yuan quarterly within the first 10 days of January, April, July and October.

At the end of March 2011 Appliance Co sent Department Store a written notice, stating that it would set off its rental of RMB 200,000 yuan for the second and third instalments with the remaining price of 200,000 yuan for the refrigerators.

Required:

Answer the following questions in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Contract Law, and give your reasons for your answer:

(a) state the nature and different forms of set-off as presented by Appliance Co to Department Store;

(b) state the conditions to be met by Appliance Co when it was claiming the set-off of credit and debt with Department Store.

 Stationary Company was a joint stock company incorporated by four natural persons (A, B, C and D) and Fengli Co Ltd, with a total registered capital of RMB 50 million yuan. During the operations of the past three years, Stationary Company gained no profits in the financial years 2008 and 2009. In 2010 Stationary Company gained an after-tax profit of RMB 5 million yuan.

In the beginning of 2011 the board of directors of Stationary Company submitted to the general shareholders’ meeting for approval two resolutions. The proposed resolutions were on the following:

(i) The company would distribute dividends to the shareholders on the basis of 0·10 yuan per share with all its after-tax profit of RMB 5 million yuan for 2010;

(ii) For the purpose of getting financing from the bank, the company was to place a pledge with all the shares of its shareholders to the bank.

Required:

Answer the following questions in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Company Law, and give your reasons for your answer:

(a) state whether proposed resolution (i) on the distribution of dividends was in conformity with the law;

(b) state whether proposed resolution (ii) on placing the shares as a pledge for a loan was in conformity with the law.

In relation to the basic legal system of China:

(a) explain the rule of exclusive jurisdiction by the people’s court in dealing with civil or commercial cases;

(b) state the disputes that shall be subject to exclusive jurisdiction, including the relevant courts that shall have jurisdiction;

(c) state the relationship between the exclusive jurisdiction and the territorial jurisdiction in dealing with civil or commercial cases.

In relation to the Contract Law of China:

(a) state which provisions concerning exemptions contained in a contract shall be deemed as invalid;

(b) state the rules that deal with the consequences where a contract is decided to be invalid.

In relation to corporate behaviour and legal liabilities:

(a) explain the term controlling shareholder under the Company Law of China;

(b) explain how the creditors may take legal action against the shareholder of a company for abusing the independent legal entity, and the doctrine of law for such legal action;

(c) explain the civil liabilities of the controlling shareholder for the damage of the company through affiliate trading.

Yado Steel Co Ltd (Yado Steel) entered into a loan agreement with Industry Bank to borrow RMB 20 million yuan for its expansion programme. Yado Steel provided its office building as property mortgaged for the debt, and made the registration as required. Mr Ding, one of the shareholders of Yado Steel, placed a guarantee letter of general liability in favour of Industry Bank.

Due to poor performance, Yado Steel failed to repay the debt when it came to maturity. Meanwhile, Industry Bank, under a restructuring plan, transferred the credit of RMB 20 million yuan together with the right of pledge to Oriental Assets Management Co (OAM). It also made a written notice to Yado Steel and Mr Ding, but failed to transfer the right of mortgage to OAM. On the contrary, Industry Bank concluded an agreement with Yado Steel before it went bankrupt, and settled other debts owed by the latter through the sale of the office building as mortgaged for the loan. Having found this fact, OAM, as a transferee of the credit, requested the court to order Mr Ding to bear its guarantor’s liability for the debt. Mr Ding asserted that he was a pledger with a general liability and would be responsible for the debt only if the things mortgaged could not satisfy the debt.

Required:

Answer the following questions in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Property Law and the Contract Law, and give your reasons for your answer:

(a) State whether the defence of Mr Ding should be supported by the court.

(b) State what was the cause of this dispute between OAM and Industry Bank.

Due to the failure to settle the debts due, Jianshe Garment Trading Co Ltd (Jianshe Co) was declared bankrupt by its creditors. In October 2010 the court rendered an order to accept the application of bankruptcy and designated a bankruptcy administrator. During the process of bankruptcy liquidation the bankruptcy administrator found that Jianshe Co had given up a credit of RMB 200,000 yuan owed by its affiliate enterprise in August 2009.

The bankruptcy administrator also found that some shareholders of Jianshe Co failed to made full capital contributions as prescribed in the agreement of incorporation.

Required:

Answer the following questions in accordance with the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law of China, and give your reasons for your answer:

(a) (i) State whether the action of giving up credit can be revoked during the process of liquidation;

(ii) State whether the court should grant an order to revoke the act of giving up credit.

(b) State how to deal with the matter of the lack of full capital contributions by some of the shareholders of Jianshe Co.