2019年成人学位英语考试答题技巧（二）

 　　（二）解题类型及应试技巧

　　（1） 主题思想常见提问方式及答题技巧   　　主题思想题在考试中出现的频率较高，因为这类题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能够抓住文章的主要信息又是阅读能力的一个极为重要的方面。   　　这类题在设题时常会用到title， subject， main idea ， topic， theme等词。常见的提问形式有以下几种：   　　What is the main idea of the passage？   　　Which of the following would be the best title？   　　What‘s the best title for the passage？   　　The main idea of the passage is that _____.   　　This passage tells us _____.   　　Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage？   　　What does the passage mainly discuss？   　　做这类题时常用略读法，把注意力放在抓主要信息上，不去过分注意细节事实，否则会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的结果。通常的办法是，快速阅读文章时注意找出各段主题句。英文文章各段主题句常放在段首，有时也放在段尾或段落中间，有时不明确写出，通读文章后把各段主题句联系起来，一般就能得出文章主题。   　　就整篇文章来讲，首段和尾段一般对于解这类题更为重要。我们以97年统考试卷中阅读理解部分的第一篇文章为例：   　　How often one hears children wishing they were grown up， and old people wishing they were young again. Each age has its pleasures and its pains， and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets.   　　Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child has good parents， he is fed， looked after and loved ，whatever he may do .It is impossible that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return .In addition ，life is always presenting new things to the childthings that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well-know. But a child has his pains： he is not so free to do what he wishes to do； he is continually being told not to do things， or being punished for what he has done wrong.   　　When the young man starts to earn his own living， he can no longer expect others to pay for his food， his clothes， and his room， but has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child， he will go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents， he may go to prison. If however， he works hard， keeps out of trouble and has good health， he can have the great happiness of building up for himself his own position in society.   　　文章后面第四个问题是：   　　The main idea of the passage is that _____.   　　A. life is not enjoyable since each age has some pains   　　B. young men can have the greatest happiness if they work hard   　　C. childhood is the most enjoyable time in one‘s life   　　D. one is the happiest if he can make good use of each age in his life   　　文章的第一段讲的是人们常听说孩子们盼着长大成人，老年人则希望返老还童。人生的每个阶段总是欢乐伴着苦恼，而最幸福的人则是那些既享受人生每一阶段所带来的欢乐，又没有因虚度年华而终生后悔的人。第二段讲述了一个人儿童时代的欢乐与苦恼，第三段则告诉读者的责任与义务，机遇和挑战。从以上三段文字来看，第一段中第二句即是主题句，所以我们应选D为正确答案。   　　（2） 主要事实和细节题设题思路及答题技巧   　　主要事实和细节题就是我们平时所说的由who ，what ，where ，when ，why ，which ，how引出的问题。这是极为常见的阅读理解题。这类题主要是针对论证支持主题的事实或例证设题，可能涉及数学计算、概念理解以及是非判断等。   　　这类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行细读，找出问题答案。   　　这类题提问的形式多种多样，常见的有以下几种：   　　Which of the following （statements） is Not mentioned in the passage？   　　According to the passage，which of the following statements is true？   　　According to the passage， all of the following are true except _____   　　How many…？   　　What…？   　　Why…？   　　解这类题时，审题是关键，首先一定得看清问题。比如一句结论性的话后边到底是…is true，还是is not true.另外，由于细节题比较容易，有时为了增加测试难度，命题人员在题干或选项中要增加一些文字或意义上的干扰。所以考生很少能在原文中找到一模一样的现成答案。   　　我们引用2002年试题为例。   　　On November 19， 1863， Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. The Civil War was still going on. There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett， a famous statesman and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.   　　It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night， alone in his hotel room and tired out， he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes. His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15，000 people at first paid little attention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked ， “I have failed again.” On the train back to Washington， he said sadly， “That speech was a flat failure， and the people are disappointed.”   　　Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better. They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.   　　Today， every American school child learns Lincoln‘s Gettysburg Address by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.   　　文章的最后一题是：   　　Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage？   　　A. Lincoln‘s Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.   　　B. Lincoln‘s Gettysburg Address is simple in style.   　　C. Lincoln‘s Gettysburg Address is memorized by every American schoolchild.   　　D. Lincoln‘s Gettysburg Address is the greatest speech ever delivered in the United States.   　　答案可以在文章的第三段和第四段找到。“他的演讲含义深刻、风格简朴；如今美国所有的在校的学生都能背诵他的演讲”；文章中他谈到：“现在所有的人都认为他的演讲是美国历史上最好的演讲之一。”而不是美国最好的演讲。所以D是错误的。   　　（3） 推理性试题常见提问方式及答题技巧   　　推理性试题大多含有infer ，imply ，suggest ，conclude，（most）probably等关键词。以下是一些常见的提问方式：   　　It can be inferred from the passage that _____.   　　The passage implies that _____.   　　The passage suggests that _____.   　　What is implied in the passage？   　　The paragraph following （proceeding） this passage probably will discuss （discusses）_____.   　　推理性试题不能从文章中直接找到答案。解这类题需要考生在正确理解原文语言字面意义的基础上，运用逻辑推理的方法去理解文章字里行间的意义。对原文中找到的所有相关信息要进行仔细分析，摸清它们相互之间时间、方位、因果、对比等逻辑关系，在此基础上进行综合推理，选定答案。   　　我们仍以2002年试题中的阅读理解文章为例。   　　On November 19， 1863， Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. The Civil War was still going on. There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett， a famous statesman and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.   　　It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night alone in his hotel room and tired out， he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes. His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15，000 people at first paid little attention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked ， “I have failed again.” On the train back to Washington， he said sadly， “That speech was a flat failure， and the people are disappointed.”   　　Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better. They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.   　　Today， every American school child learns Lincoln‘s Gettysburg Address by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.   　　文章后面的第五题就是一个推理性试题。   　　It can be inferred from the text that _____.   　　A. Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he went to Gettysburg   　　B. Lincoln was very busy at the time and didn‘t have much time to prepare his speech   　　C. Lincoln‘s speech was full of rich words   　　D. Lincoln‘s speech was very long   　　文章的第二段有这样的话：“It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Late that night， alone in his hotel room and tired out， he again worked briefly on the speech.”“据说林肯是在去葛底斯堡的火车上准备他的演讲的。那天深夜，在宾馆的房间里，他既孤独又疲倦，只是又简单准备了一下。”所以通过这些句子我们可以判断林肯非常的忙，没有的时间准备他的演讲，B是正确答案。A， C， D，均不符合文章的内容。