军队职称英语同位语从句(The Appositive Clause)：常置于某些名词之后，对其内容作解释或补充说明。如:
advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。
The news that we won the game is exciting.
There is no doubt that he is the best player in their country.
同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
同位语从句对所修饰词作补充说明，而定语从句对前面名词起限定作用；
that在同位语从句中只起引导作用，无词义，无语法成分，而在定语从句中指代所修饰词并在从句中作主语或宾语。来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
比较：The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong.(同位语从句)
The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong.(定语从句)
c.状语从句(Adverbial Clause)
状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰主句中的谓语动词、副词、形容词或整个句子。根据句子的含义，它可表时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、行为方式、比较、让步等。状语从句通常由一个连词引起，有时由一个起连词作用的词组引起。
一.时间状语从句
I)when，while和as
He entered the room when(while,as)the meeting was going on.
when通常指一时的动作或状态，可表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，或先于主句动作；while常用来引导两个同时进行的持续时间较长的动作；as常用来引导两个动作紧接着发生，强调“同一时间”或“一前一后”。
When I meet the right chance,I will try my best.
While the teacher explained the text,the students listened attentively and took notes
He sang songs as he was taking a bath.
As spring warms the earth,all flowers begin to bloom.来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
注：when有时作并列连词意为“正在这时”、“突然”，在句末，不能位于句首。从句的谓语动词常用一般过去时，主句通常用过去进行时、过去完成时或be about to结构等。
She was about to leave when Mark arrived so she stayed a little longer.
He had been walking under the trees when an apple fell down.
Ⅱ)as soon as,hardly(scarcely,barely)…when…,no sooner…than…等引导的时间状语从句，意为“一…就…”
Jack had scarcely/hardly seen me when he left the room.
The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country.
那个间谍一踏进国门就奉命要去他国。
注：在no sooner…than,hardly…when…引导的时间状语从句中，若把no sooner,hardly,scarcely,barely放在句首，则要用倒装结构。
No sooner had he heard the news than he fainted.
Scarcely had he entered the room when the telephone rang.
二．原因状语从句
I)because,since,和as引导的原因状语从句
1.其中because语气最强，多表示所述理由是本句重点，强调别人未知的事实，故because引导的从句多放在句末，回答why的问句时，只能用because。来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
在语气上since次之，as最弱。since和as表示的原因，多是已知的既成事实，原因以外的才是叙述的重点，因而两者多用于句首。
As it is raining,let’s stay indoors.
Since you have no license,you are not allowed to drive.
用强调句式强调原因状语从句时，只能用because引导。
It was because he was careless that he failed.
在because引导的从句中，如果主句是否定句，而主句和后面的从句之间没有逗号分开，这时not修饰的是后面的整个从句。
The machine did not stop because the fuel was used up.
机器停了下来，并不是因为燃料用光了。来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
如果主句和从句间用逗号分开，意思就不同了。
I was not kind to him,because he was rude.我对他不友好，因为他无礼。
II)for和because的区别
because表示因果关系，语气最强；而for引导的是并列句，它只是对前面分句进行解释，说明推断的理由，并且只能后置。
It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet this morning.
（该句不能用because,因为现在地面湿不是导致昨夜下雨的原因）
It is morning,for the birds are singing.天亮了，鸟儿在鸣叫。
（鸟鸣不能引起天亮，所以本句不能用because代替for）
三．结果状语从句
so…that,such…that,so,等引导出结果状语从句
注：I)注意so和such后面跟的词。其常见情况为：
so+adj./adv.+that;he is so clever that everyone likes him.
such a(an)+adj.+n.+that(=so+adj.+a(an)+n.+that)
such+n.(可数名词复数或不可数名词)＋that来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
若名词前的修饰语为many,much,few,little则用so,不用such.
There is so much homework to do that I can’t play computer games today.
There is such lot of homework to do that I can’t play computer games today.
四．目的状语从句
I)so that,in order that和in case,lest等引导的目的状语从句
so that,in order that常与may,can,could,might等情态动词连用
In order that he shouldn’t wake up his wife,he came in quietly.
Ⅱ)in case,lest引导的目的状语从句多用虚拟语气结构：should+v.原形，意为“以防”、“以免”。例如：
He ran away lest he(should)be caught.
I hid the book in case she should see it.我把书藏起来，以防被她看到。
五．条件状语从句
条件状语从句可分为真实条件句和if引导的非真实条件句。来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
I)if,unless引导的条件状语从句
unless意义上相当于if…not。unless一般不用于非真实条件句。
I will not lend the book to you unless you can return it in time.
II)only if和if only引导的条件状语从句
only if意为“只要……”，引导真实条件句，若only if放在句首，后面的主句要用倒装结构。if only引导虚拟条件句，也可引导感叹句，意为“但愿……”、“要是……就好了”。
Only if you study hard will you pass the final-examination.
advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。
The news that we won the game is exciting.
There is no doubt that he is the best player in their country.
同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
同位语从句对所修饰词作补充说明，而定语从句对前面名词起限定作用；
that在同位语从句中只起引导作用，无词义，无语法成分，而在定语从句中指代所修饰词并在从句中作主语或宾语。来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
比较：The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong.(同位语从句)
The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong.(定语从句)
c.状语从句(Adverbial Clause)
状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰主句中的谓语动词、副词、形容词或整个句子。根据句子的含义，它可表时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、行为方式、比较、让步等。状语从句通常由一个连词引起，有时由一个起连词作用的词组引起。
一.时间状语从句
I)when，while和as
He entered the room when(while,as)the meeting was going on.
when通常指一时的动作或状态，可表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，或先于主句动作；while常用来引导两个同时进行的持续时间较长的动作；as常用来引导两个动作紧接着发生，强调“同一时间”或“一前一后”。
When I meet the right chance,I will try my best.
While the teacher explained the text,the students listened attentively and took notes
He sang songs as he was taking a bath.
As spring warms the earth,all flowers begin to bloom.来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
注：when有时作并列连词意为“正在这时”、“突然”，在句末，不能位于句首。从句的谓语动词常用一般过去时，主句通常用过去进行时、过去完成时或be about to结构等。
She was about to leave when Mark arrived so she stayed a little longer.
He had been walking under the trees when an apple fell down.
Ⅱ)as soon as,hardly(scarcely,barely)…when…,no sooner…than…等引导的时间状语从句，意为“一…就…”
Jack had scarcely/hardly seen me when he left the room.
The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country.
那个间谍一踏进国门就奉命要去他国。
注：在no sooner…than,hardly…when…引导的时间状语从句中，若把no sooner,hardly,scarcely,barely放在句首，则要用倒装结构。
No sooner had he heard the news than he fainted.
Scarcely had he entered the room when the telephone rang.
二．原因状语从句
I)because,since,和as引导的原因状语从句
1.其中because语气最强，多表示所述理由是本句重点，强调别人未知的事实，故because引导的从句多放在句末，回答why的问句时，只能用because。来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
在语气上since次之，as最弱。since和as表示的原因，多是已知的既成事实，原因以外的才是叙述的重点，因而两者多用于句首。
As it is raining,let’s stay indoors.
Since you have no license,you are not allowed to drive.
用强调句式强调原因状语从句时，只能用because引导。
It was because he was careless that he failed.
在because引导的从句中，如果主句是否定句，而主句和后面的从句之间没有逗号分开，这时not修饰的是后面的整个从句。
The machine did not stop because the fuel was used up.
机器停了下来，并不是因为燃料用光了。来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
如果主句和从句间用逗号分开，意思就不同了。
I was not kind to him,because he was rude.我对他不友好，因为他无礼。
II)for和because的区别
because表示因果关系，语气最强；而for引导的是并列句，它只是对前面分句进行解释，说明推断的理由，并且只能后置。
It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet this morning.
（该句不能用because,因为现在地面湿不是导致昨夜下雨的原因）
It is morning,for the birds are singing.天亮了，鸟儿在鸣叫。
（鸟鸣不能引起天亮，所以本句不能用because代替for）
三．结果状语从句
so…that,such…that,so,等引导出结果状语从句
注：I)注意so和such后面跟的词。其常见情况为：
so+adj./adv.+that;he is so clever that everyone likes him.
such a(an)+adj.+n.+that(=so+adj.+a(an)+n.+that)
such+n.(可数名词复数或不可数名词)＋that来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
若名词前的修饰语为many,much,few,little则用so,不用such.
There is so much homework to do that I can’t play computer games today.
There is such lot of homework to do that I can’t play computer games today.
四．目的状语从句
I)so that,in order that和in case,lest等引导的目的状语从句
so that,in order that常与may,can,could,might等情态动词连用
In order that he shouldn’t wake up his wife,he came in quietly.
Ⅱ)in case,lest引导的目的状语从句多用虚拟语气结构：should+v.原形，意为“以防”、“以免”。例如：
He ran away lest he(should)be caught.
I hid the book in case she should see it.我把书藏起来，以防被她看到。
五．条件状语从句
条件状语从句可分为真实条件句和if引导的非真实条件句。来源：中国军队职称英语考试网
I)if,unless引导的条件状语从句
unless意义上相当于if…not。unless一般不用于非真实条件句。
I will not lend the book to you unless you can return it in time.
II)only if和if only引导的条件状语从句
only if意为“只要……”，引导真实条件句，若only if放在句首，后面的主句要用倒装结构。if only引导虚拟条件句，也可引导感叹句，意为“但愿……”、“要是……就好了”。
Only if you study hard will you pass the final-examination.
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