2021军队职称英语考试指导:常用语法详解(5)
一.动词
从一定意义上讲,英语语法就是动词的语法,因此,掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容,首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。
1)be动词和do动词:be动词也称状态动词,用于说明状态或性质,主要用于构成英语的主系表句型;do动词也称为行为动词,分及物动词和不及物动词;
2)及物动词和不及物动词:不及物动词后面不跟宾语,也没有被动语态;及物动词后面一定要有宾语;
3)双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)结构和复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)结构:比较下面两个句子:
My mother made me a cake.(母亲给我做了块蛋糕。)
My father made me a doctor.(父亲把我培养成一名医生。)
第一句是双宾语结构,即My mother made a cake for me.
第二句是复合宾语结构,其句法功能为:My father made me(to)be a doctor(I am a doctor).说明复合宾语结构中,宾语和宾语补足语之间有"主谓关系".
4)情态动词:must,should,ought to,can,may,need,used to等动词称为情态动词,有三大特征:A.不受主语人称和数的影响,如:He may go now./May I go now?句中may的形式不变;B.否定时在后面加not,如:You ought not to have cheated her.C.与另一动词连用,中间不用+"to",如上举例。
请根据上述原则,(从语法角度)说出以下那种表达方式是对的:
A.She needs to see a doctor.
B.She doesn't need to see a doctor.
C.Does she need to see a doctor?
D.She needs not see a doctor.
E.She needn't see a doctor.
F.She doesn't need see a doctor.
G.She needs see a doctor.
从语法角度看,A、B、C、E是对的。
5)助动词:帮助实意动词构成某种结构的词,如:He did come yesterday;I saw him in the office.(他昨天确实来了;我在办公室见到他的。——表示强调)
二.五个基本句型
根据动词的特性,构成英语中五个基本句型:
1)主语+系动词+表语
2)主语+不及物动词(+其他成分)
3)主语+及物动词+宾语
4)主语+及物动词+双宾语
5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
我们在学习5个基本句型时,主要关心每个句型中的出题点在哪里。
(一)第一句型:主语+系动词+表语
1)系动词一般为be动词。
注意:look,feel,sound,smell,taste,get,become,come,go,turn,grow,keep,seem,stand等词可以作"半系动词"用,按行为动词方式变化,起系动词的作用。
试验比较:
——He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但没有找到一分钱。——feel为行为动词)
——You look pale.Do you feel unwell?(你脸色苍白,感到不舒服?——look/feel为系动词)
一般来说,动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词,该动词为系动词,如:The plan sounds perfect./The flower smells nice./The dish tastes delicious./It is getting dark.
实例:
"Don't worry.Let me take your pulse first.""Oh,it ______ normal."(脉搏正常)
A.is felt
B.is feeling
C.feels
D.felt
解题思路:normal为形容词,前面应为系动词;系动词没有被动语态,故A不对;look,feel,sound,taste,smell,seem等半系动词一般不用进行时,B也不对;D时态错了,故正确答案为C.
2)there be是英语中非常重要的一个句型:there是引导词,不解释"那里";这是个倒装句,主语在be动词的后面,be动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。
注意中国学生容易搞错的问题:
There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房间里家具不够)
错:There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫无疑问,中国已消灭天花。)
错:It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.(充分证据表明,爱滋病正在亚洲迅速蔓延。——同位语从句)
错:It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.(可以:It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.-主语从句)
从一定意义上讲,英语语法就是动词的语法,因此,掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容,首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。
1)be动词和do动词:be动词也称状态动词,用于说明状态或性质,主要用于构成英语的主系表句型;do动词也称为行为动词,分及物动词和不及物动词;
2)及物动词和不及物动词:不及物动词后面不跟宾语,也没有被动语态;及物动词后面一定要有宾语;
3)双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)结构和复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)结构:比较下面两个句子:
My mother made me a cake.(母亲给我做了块蛋糕。)
My father made me a doctor.(父亲把我培养成一名医生。)
第一句是双宾语结构,即My mother made a cake for me.
第二句是复合宾语结构,其句法功能为:My father made me(to)be a doctor(I am a doctor).说明复合宾语结构中,宾语和宾语补足语之间有"主谓关系".
4)情态动词:must,should,ought to,can,may,need,used to等动词称为情态动词,有三大特征:A.不受主语人称和数的影响,如:He may go now./May I go now?句中may的形式不变;B.否定时在后面加not,如:You ought not to have cheated her.C.与另一动词连用,中间不用+"to",如上举例。
请根据上述原则,(从语法角度)说出以下那种表达方式是对的:
A.She needs to see a doctor.
B.She doesn't need to see a doctor.
C.Does she need to see a doctor?
D.She needs not see a doctor.
E.She needn't see a doctor.
F.She doesn't need see a doctor.
G.She needs see a doctor.
从语法角度看,A、B、C、E是对的。
5)助动词:帮助实意动词构成某种结构的词,如:He did come yesterday;I saw him in the office.(他昨天确实来了;我在办公室见到他的。——表示强调)
二.五个基本句型
根据动词的特性,构成英语中五个基本句型:
1)主语+系动词+表语
2)主语+不及物动词(+其他成分)
3)主语+及物动词+宾语
4)主语+及物动词+双宾语
5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
我们在学习5个基本句型时,主要关心每个句型中的出题点在哪里。
(一)第一句型:主语+系动词+表语
1)系动词一般为be动词。
注意:look,feel,sound,smell,taste,get,become,come,go,turn,grow,keep,seem,stand等词可以作"半系动词"用,按行为动词方式变化,起系动词的作用。
试验比较:
——He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但没有找到一分钱。——feel为行为动词)
——You look pale.Do you feel unwell?(你脸色苍白,感到不舒服?——look/feel为系动词)
一般来说,动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词,该动词为系动词,如:The plan sounds perfect./The flower smells nice./The dish tastes delicious./It is getting dark.
实例:
"Don't worry.Let me take your pulse first.""Oh,it ______ normal."(脉搏正常)
A.is felt
B.is feeling
C.feels
D.felt
解题思路:normal为形容词,前面应为系动词;系动词没有被动语态,故A不对;look,feel,sound,taste,smell,seem等半系动词一般不用进行时,B也不对;D时态错了,故正确答案为C.
2)there be是英语中非常重要的一个句型:there是引导词,不解释"那里";这是个倒装句,主语在be动词的后面,be动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。
注意中国学生容易搞错的问题:
There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房间里家具不够)
错:There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫无疑问,中国已消灭天花。)
错:It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.(充分证据表明,爱滋病正在亚洲迅速蔓延。——同位语从句)
错:It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.(可以:It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.-主语从句)
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