2021军队职称英语考试指导:动词、五个基本句型、动词的时态
第二讲动词、五个基本句型、动词的时态和语态
一.动词
从一定意义上讲,英语语法就是动词的语法,因此,掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容,首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。
1)be动词和do动词:be动词也称状态动词,用于说明状态或性质,主要用于构成英语的主系表句型;do动词也称为行为动词,分及物动词和不及物动词;
2)及物动词和不及物动词:不及物动词后面不跟宾语,也没有被动语态;及物动词后面一定要有宾语;
3)双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)结构和复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)结构:比较下面两个句子:
My mother made me a cake.(母亲给我做了块蛋糕。)
My father made me a doctor.(父亲把我培养成一名医生。)
第一句是双宾语结构,即My mother made a cake for me.
第二句是复合宾语结构,其句法功能为:My father made me(to)be a doctor(I am a doctor).说明复合宾语结构中,宾语和宾语补足语之间有"主谓关系".
4)情态动词:must,should,ought to,can,may,need,used to等动词称为情态动词,有三大特征:A.不受主语人称和数的影响,如:He may go now./May I go now?句中may的形式不变;B.否定时在后面加not,如:You ought not to have cheated her.C.与另一动词连用,中间不用+"to",如上举例。
请根据上述原则,(从语法角度)说出以下那种表达方式是对的:
A.She needs to see a doctor.
B.She doesn't need to see a doctor.
C.Does she need to see a doctor?
D.She needs not see a doctor.
E.She needn't see a doctor.
F.She doesn't need see a doctor.
G.She needs see a doctor.
从语法角度看,A、B、C、E是对的。
5)助动词:帮助实意动词构成某种结构的词,如:He did come yesterday;I saw him in the office.(他昨天确实来了;我在办公室见到他的。——表示强调)
二.五个基本句型
根据动词的特性,构成英语中五个基本句型:
1)主语+系动词+表语
2)主语+不及物动词(+其他成分)
3)主语+及物动词+宾语
4)主语+及物动词+双宾语
5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
我们在学习5个基本句型时,主要关心每个句型中的出题点在哪里。
(一)第一句型:主语+系动词+表语
1)系动词一般为be动词。
注意:look,feel,sound,smell,taste,get,become,come,go,turn,grow,keep,seem,stand等词可以作"半系动词"用,按行为动词方式变化,起系动词的作用。
试验比较:
——He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但没有找到一分钱。——feel为行为动词)
——You look pale.Do you feel unwell?(你脸色苍白,感到不舒服?——look/feel为系动词)
一般来说,动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词,该动词为系动词,如:The plan sounds perfect./The flower smells nice./The dish tastes delicious./It is getting dark.
实例:
"Don't worry.Let me take your pulse first.""Oh,it ______ normal."(脉搏正常)
A.is felt
B.is feeling
C.feels
D.felt
解题思路:normal为形容词,前面应为系动词;系动词没有被动语态,故A不对;look,feel,sound,taste,smell,seem等半系动词一般不用进行时,B也不对;D时态错了,故正确答案为C.
2)there be是英语中非常重要的一个句型:there是引导词,不解释"那里";这是个倒装句,主语在be动词的后面,be动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。
注意中国学生容易搞错的问题:
There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房间里家具不够)
错:There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫无疑问,中国已消灭天花。)
错:It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.(充分证据表明,爱滋病正在亚洲迅速蔓延。——同位语从句)
错:It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.(可以:It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.-主语从句)
(二)第二句型:主语+不及物动词(+其他成分)
在这个句型中主要注意及物动词与不及物动词的区分:
不及物动词及物动词
rise/rose/risen(升起)raise/raised/raised(提高)
arise/arose/arisen(from)(产生)arouse/aroused/aroused(唤起)
lie/lay/lain(躺下)lay/laid/laid(放下)
arrive at(到达)reach(到达)
wait for(等待)await(等待)
remain(仍旧)maintain(保持,维修)
*上面所注仅为典型词义,要根据句子判别其他意思。
此外,该句型常采用倒装形式,注意辨别,主要是以下两种情况:
1)用here或there引导:Here comes the bus.(汽车来了。)/There rings the bell.(铃响了。)
2)在动词+介词短语的结构中,往往将介词短语提前:On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山顶上有一座漂亮的小房子。)
(三)第三句型:主语+及物动词+宾语
我们知道,名词可以做主语和宾语,非谓语动词-ing和to do也可以做主语和宾语,
作主语:
Learning a foreign language is not easy.(学门外语并不容易。)
To learn a foreign language is not easy.(=It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)
从语法角度讲,上述两个表达方式都可以。
但是,当动词处于宾语位置时,就不能这样"随心所欲"了,因为英语语法有以下几个规定:
1)acknowledge/admit/appreciate/avoid/consider/contemplate/defer/deny/dislike/enjoy/escape/evade/excuse/facilitate/fancy/favor/feel like/finish/give up/cannot help/cannot stand/imagine/include/keep(on)/do not mind/miss/permit/practice/regret/resent/risk/suggest等词后面的动词宾语必须用-ing形式,重点和首先要掌握黑体字部分。由于这些次的词义与解题关系不大,没有给出具体词义解释。若需要,请学生自己查字典解决。
这是语法考试的一个重点,要对以上词特别敏感,例如:
It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
A.being much affected
B.having much affected
C.to be much affected
D.to have been much affected
解题思路:1)一看到avoid一词,便可确定正确答案在A、B中;2)affect意为"影响",及物动词,故B不对。[如果做题时间来不及,此类题目若有"主动语态"和"被动语态"之分,一般选"被动语态"的正确率高些。]
2)remember/forget:后面既可跟-ing,也可跟to do,但意思不一样:to do表示说话时还没有发生的事,-ing表示对已经发生过事的回忆,如:"我昨天出门时忘了关窗了。"显然是指出门时还没有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不记得以前见过你。"显然是指说话以前的事,因此用-ing形式,即:
I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
I don't remember seeing you before.
因此,除了知道这个规定外,分清"发生过"还是"没有发生"是解题的关键。
实例:
Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
A.to have been introduced
B.having introduced
C.being introduced
D.to be introduced
解题思路:1)第一步要确定"发生过"还是"没有发生",即A、D还是B、C,"你记得上次访问时被介绍给Smith教授的情况吗?"显然是已发生的事,选B、C;2)"introduce"(介绍)后没有宾语,说明是"被动语态:,故选C[再看一下上一节中的"解题思路"]
3)need/want/require等解释为"需要"时,有两种表达方式,如:
"这间会客室需要打扫一下"
A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned.(to被动式)
B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主动式)
考试时若同时出现两种选择,选B
4)look forward to/object to/subject to/be subjected to/be opposed to/oppose to中的"to"是介词,后面应跟名词或动名词-ing,
(四)第四句型:主语+及物动词+双宾语
有些动词(主要是"授予动词")后面需要或可以接双宾语结构,如:give,write,buy,send,make等
You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter.
这个句子也可使用以下结构:
You may send an E-mail(to him)or write a letter to him.所以"to"和"for"是连接双宾语结构的重要介词。
该句型的重点是要记住以下短语,特别是所用的介词:
to cure…of(治愈…)
to accuse…of(谴责…)
to convince…of(说服…)
to inform…of(通知…)
to notify…of(通知…)
to clean…of(清除…)
to warn……of/against(警告…)
to cheat…of(欺骗)
to rob…of(抢劫…)
例如:
We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible./Have the family been informed of the patient's condition?(我们得尽快将病人的病情通知其家属。/已经将病人的病情通知其家人了吗?)
注意下面句子的结构变化:
May I ask you a question?→May I ask a question of you?
直接和间接宾语的位置与上面短语有何不同?
(五)第五句型:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
先回顾一下本讲第一节中有关宾语和宾语补足语的概念。
这个句型也是考试的重点,主要有三个难点:
1)要不要"to"的问题:
The director wants you to come right now.(主任要你马上就来。)
句中to come是宾语you的补足语。也就是说,当宾语补足语是动词时,一般要用"to"连接。但是,以下情况例外:
n make,let,have等使役动词,如:
Shall I have him come here?(要我叫他来吗?)
I won't have him cheat me.(否定式,表示"容许":我决不容许他欺骗我)
上述句型变为被动语态时,一般要加"to",如:
The nurse made the patient eat something.(护士让病人吃了点东西。)
→The patient was made to eat something.
有时,宾语补足语也可用-ing形式,如:
His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes.(他的笑话使我们笑了几分钟。-注意后面的时间状语for a couple of minutes)
记住下面重要表达方式:
to have/get(something)done,如:
I am going to have(get)my watch repaired.(我去修一下表。)
n see,hear,notice,observe,watch,look at,listen to等感觉动词:
使用原则与上述大致相同。
2)要不要"it"的问题:
先看两个句子:
We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit.(有时我们发现要改掉一个坏习惯很难。)该句的原始结构可理解为:We sometimes find(to get rid of a bad habit)difficult.括号部分(动词不定式)为宾语,difficult为宾语补足语
The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach.(医生已经跟你说得很清楚了,你的胃没有什么问题。)该句的原始结构可理解为:The doctor has made(there is nothing wrong with your stomach)clear.括号部分(句子)为宾语,clear为宾语补足语
归纳:
n在主语+宾语+宾语补足语结构中,当宾语是"动词不定式"或"句子"时,要用it(不是this,that或其他任何词)作形式宾语,将动词不定式或句子移到句子的后面去。
n考试时,判断要不要"it",主要看句子后面有没有"动词不定式"或"句子",若有,要选"it"
n宾语、宾语补足语倒装:当宾语(名词)较长,宾语补足语较短(往往是1个形容词,如possible,impossible,difficult,easy,clear等)时,为了句子结构均衡,往往采用倒装,这里不存在"it"的使用问题,对下句作出判断:
The development of ultrasound has made ______ early diagnosis of some fatal diseases.(超声波的出现使许多致命疾病的早期诊断成为可能。)
A.it possible
B.possible
C.it is
D.it
该题的正确答案应为B,因为句子采用了倒装形式,原结构为:
The development of ultrasound has made[early diagnosis of some fatal diseases]possible.
宾语补足语
3)记住以下短语:
to take…as(把…当作…)
to think of…as(把…看作…)
to regard…as(把…看作…)
to refer to…as(把…叫作…)
关于五个基本句型,重点要掌握每个句型的出题点,举一反三。
一.动词
从一定意义上讲,英语语法就是动词的语法,因此,掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容,首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。
1)be动词和do动词:be动词也称状态动词,用于说明状态或性质,主要用于构成英语的主系表句型;do动词也称为行为动词,分及物动词和不及物动词;
2)及物动词和不及物动词:不及物动词后面不跟宾语,也没有被动语态;及物动词后面一定要有宾语;
3)双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)结构和复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)结构:比较下面两个句子:
My mother made me a cake.(母亲给我做了块蛋糕。)
My father made me a doctor.(父亲把我培养成一名医生。)
第一句是双宾语结构,即My mother made a cake for me.
第二句是复合宾语结构,其句法功能为:My father made me(to)be a doctor(I am a doctor).说明复合宾语结构中,宾语和宾语补足语之间有"主谓关系".
4)情态动词:must,should,ought to,can,may,need,used to等动词称为情态动词,有三大特征:A.不受主语人称和数的影响,如:He may go now./May I go now?句中may的形式不变;B.否定时在后面加not,如:You ought not to have cheated her.C.与另一动词连用,中间不用+"to",如上举例。
请根据上述原则,(从语法角度)说出以下那种表达方式是对的:
A.She needs to see a doctor.
B.She doesn't need to see a doctor.
C.Does she need to see a doctor?
D.She needs not see a doctor.
E.She needn't see a doctor.
F.She doesn't need see a doctor.
G.She needs see a doctor.
从语法角度看,A、B、C、E是对的。
5)助动词:帮助实意动词构成某种结构的词,如:He did come yesterday;I saw him in the office.(他昨天确实来了;我在办公室见到他的。——表示强调)
二.五个基本句型
根据动词的特性,构成英语中五个基本句型:
1)主语+系动词+表语
2)主语+不及物动词(+其他成分)
3)主语+及物动词+宾语
4)主语+及物动词+双宾语
5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
我们在学习5个基本句型时,主要关心每个句型中的出题点在哪里。
(一)第一句型:主语+系动词+表语
1)系动词一般为be动词。
注意:look,feel,sound,smell,taste,get,become,come,go,turn,grow,keep,seem,stand等词可以作"半系动词"用,按行为动词方式变化,起系动词的作用。
试验比较:
——He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但没有找到一分钱。——feel为行为动词)
——You look pale.Do you feel unwell?(你脸色苍白,感到不舒服?——look/feel为系动词)
一般来说,动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词,该动词为系动词,如:The plan sounds perfect./The flower smells nice./The dish tastes delicious./It is getting dark.
实例:
"Don't worry.Let me take your pulse first.""Oh,it ______ normal."(脉搏正常)
A.is felt
B.is feeling
C.feels
D.felt
解题思路:normal为形容词,前面应为系动词;系动词没有被动语态,故A不对;look,feel,sound,taste,smell,seem等半系动词一般不用进行时,B也不对;D时态错了,故正确答案为C.
2)there be是英语中非常重要的一个句型:there是引导词,不解释"那里";这是个倒装句,主语在be动词的后面,be动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。
注意中国学生容易搞错的问题:
There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房间里家具不够)
错:There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫无疑问,中国已消灭天花。)
错:It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.(充分证据表明,爱滋病正在亚洲迅速蔓延。——同位语从句)
错:It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.(可以:It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.-主语从句)
(二)第二句型:主语+不及物动词(+其他成分)
在这个句型中主要注意及物动词与不及物动词的区分:
不及物动词及物动词
rise/rose/risen(升起)raise/raised/raised(提高)
arise/arose/arisen(from)(产生)arouse/aroused/aroused(唤起)
lie/lay/lain(躺下)lay/laid/laid(放下)
arrive at(到达)reach(到达)
wait for(等待)await(等待)
remain(仍旧)maintain(保持,维修)
*上面所注仅为典型词义,要根据句子判别其他意思。
此外,该句型常采用倒装形式,注意辨别,主要是以下两种情况:
1)用here或there引导:Here comes the bus.(汽车来了。)/There rings the bell.(铃响了。)
2)在动词+介词短语的结构中,往往将介词短语提前:On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山顶上有一座漂亮的小房子。)
(三)第三句型:主语+及物动词+宾语
我们知道,名词可以做主语和宾语,非谓语动词-ing和to do也可以做主语和宾语,
作主语:
Learning a foreign language is not easy.(学门外语并不容易。)
To learn a foreign language is not easy.(=It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)
从语法角度讲,上述两个表达方式都可以。
但是,当动词处于宾语位置时,就不能这样"随心所欲"了,因为英语语法有以下几个规定:
1)acknowledge/admit/appreciate/avoid/consider/contemplate/defer/deny/dislike/enjoy/escape/evade/excuse/facilitate/fancy/favor/feel like/finish/give up/cannot help/cannot stand/imagine/include/keep(on)/do not mind/miss/permit/practice/regret/resent/risk/suggest等词后面的动词宾语必须用-ing形式,重点和首先要掌握黑体字部分。由于这些次的词义与解题关系不大,没有给出具体词义解释。若需要,请学生自己查字典解决。
这是语法考试的一个重点,要对以上词特别敏感,例如:
It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
A.being much affected
B.having much affected
C.to be much affected
D.to have been much affected
解题思路:1)一看到avoid一词,便可确定正确答案在A、B中;2)affect意为"影响",及物动词,故B不对。[如果做题时间来不及,此类题目若有"主动语态"和"被动语态"之分,一般选"被动语态"的正确率高些。]
2)remember/forget:后面既可跟-ing,也可跟to do,但意思不一样:to do表示说话时还没有发生的事,-ing表示对已经发生过事的回忆,如:"我昨天出门时忘了关窗了。"显然是指出门时还没有做的事,因此用to do形式;"我不记得以前见过你。"显然是指说话以前的事,因此用-ing形式,即:
I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
I don't remember seeing you before.
因此,除了知道这个规定外,分清"发生过"还是"没有发生"是解题的关键。
实例:
Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
A.to have been introduced
B.having introduced
C.being introduced
D.to be introduced
解题思路:1)第一步要确定"发生过"还是"没有发生",即A、D还是B、C,"你记得上次访问时被介绍给Smith教授的情况吗?"显然是已发生的事,选B、C;2)"introduce"(介绍)后没有宾语,说明是"被动语态:,故选C[再看一下上一节中的"解题思路"]
3)need/want/require等解释为"需要"时,有两种表达方式,如:
"这间会客室需要打扫一下"
A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned.(to被动式)
B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主动式)
考试时若同时出现两种选择,选B
4)look forward to/object to/subject to/be subjected to/be opposed to/oppose to中的"to"是介词,后面应跟名词或动名词-ing,
(四)第四句型:主语+及物动词+双宾语
有些动词(主要是"授予动词")后面需要或可以接双宾语结构,如:give,write,buy,send,make等
You may send him an E-mail or write him a letter.
这个句子也可使用以下结构:
You may send an E-mail(to him)or write a letter to him.所以"to"和"for"是连接双宾语结构的重要介词。
该句型的重点是要记住以下短语,特别是所用的介词:
to cure…of(治愈…)
to accuse…of(谴责…)
to convince…of(说服…)
to inform…of(通知…)
to notify…of(通知…)
to clean…of(清除…)
to warn……of/against(警告…)
to cheat…of(欺骗)
to rob…of(抢劫…)
例如:
We have to inform the family of the patient's condition as soon as possible./Have the family been informed of the patient's condition?(我们得尽快将病人的病情通知其家属。/已经将病人的病情通知其家人了吗?)
注意下面句子的结构变化:
May I ask you a question?→May I ask a question of you?
直接和间接宾语的位置与上面短语有何不同?
(五)第五句型:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
先回顾一下本讲第一节中有关宾语和宾语补足语的概念。
这个句型也是考试的重点,主要有三个难点:
1)要不要"to"的问题:
The director wants you to come right now.(主任要你马上就来。)
句中to come是宾语you的补足语。也就是说,当宾语补足语是动词时,一般要用"to"连接。但是,以下情况例外:
n make,let,have等使役动词,如:
Shall I have him come here?(要我叫他来吗?)
I won't have him cheat me.(否定式,表示"容许":我决不容许他欺骗我)
上述句型变为被动语态时,一般要加"to",如:
The nurse made the patient eat something.(护士让病人吃了点东西。)
→The patient was made to eat something.
有时,宾语补足语也可用-ing形式,如:
His joke made us laughing for a couple of minutes.(他的笑话使我们笑了几分钟。-注意后面的时间状语for a couple of minutes)
记住下面重要表达方式:
to have/get(something)done,如:
I am going to have(get)my watch repaired.(我去修一下表。)
n see,hear,notice,observe,watch,look at,listen to等感觉动词:
使用原则与上述大致相同。
2)要不要"it"的问题:
先看两个句子:
We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit.(有时我们发现要改掉一个坏习惯很难。)该句的原始结构可理解为:We sometimes find(to get rid of a bad habit)difficult.括号部分(动词不定式)为宾语,difficult为宾语补足语
The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach.(医生已经跟你说得很清楚了,你的胃没有什么问题。)该句的原始结构可理解为:The doctor has made(there is nothing wrong with your stomach)clear.括号部分(句子)为宾语,clear为宾语补足语
归纳:
n在主语+宾语+宾语补足语结构中,当宾语是"动词不定式"或"句子"时,要用it(不是this,that或其他任何词)作形式宾语,将动词不定式或句子移到句子的后面去。
n考试时,判断要不要"it",主要看句子后面有没有"动词不定式"或"句子",若有,要选"it"
n宾语、宾语补足语倒装:当宾语(名词)较长,宾语补足语较短(往往是1个形容词,如possible,impossible,difficult,easy,clear等)时,为了句子结构均衡,往往采用倒装,这里不存在"it"的使用问题,对下句作出判断:
The development of ultrasound has made ______ early diagnosis of some fatal diseases.(超声波的出现使许多致命疾病的早期诊断成为可能。)
A.it possible
B.possible
C.it is
D.it
该题的正确答案应为B,因为句子采用了倒装形式,原结构为:
The development of ultrasound has made[early diagnosis of some fatal diseases]possible.
宾语补足语
3)记住以下短语:
to take…as(把…当作…)
to think of…as(把…看作…)
to regard…as(把…看作…)
to refer to…as(把…叫作…)
关于五个基本句型,重点要掌握每个句型的出题点,举一反三。
编辑推荐:
下载Word文档
温馨提示:因考试政策、内容不断变化与调整,长理培训网站提供的以上信息仅供参考,如有异议,请考生以权威部门公布的内容为准! (责任编辑:长理培训)
点击加载更多评论>>