2021军队职称英语考试指导:定语从句、名词性从句(1)
第四讲定语从句、名词性从句
一.定语从句:
(一)什么叫定语从句?
定语从句也称为"形容词从句",或"的从句",顾名思义,就是用来修饰或说明名词的从句,被修饰或说明的那个名词称为"先行词",即:
名词(先行词)←连接词+句子
由于汉语中的定语总是放在名词的前面,而英语中的定语从句总是放在被修饰或说明的名词后面,又要使用连接词加以连接,因此定语从句,特别是连接词的使用,成为中国学生学习的一个难点,也是考试的一个重点。
要搞清定语从句,初学者必须首先建立以下基本概念:
比较:我昨天买的那本书很有趣。
The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
昨天买的那本书很有趣。
The book that was bought yesterday is very interesting.
从以上句子可以看出:
(1)定语从句一定是修饰或说明"名词"的,上句中就是"the book"
(2)定语从句中的"连接词"就是前面那个名词的"化身",一般都紧跟在名词的后面,上句中连接词"that"代表的就是前面的"the book",即that=the book;
(3)定语从句中的"连接词"必须在从句中充当一个句子成分(当主语、宾语或表语时称为关系代词;当地点、时间状语时称为关系副词),在上句中"that"当动词"bought"的宾语,也就是说,以下表达是错误的:
The book that I bought it is very interesting.
由于句中的"that"就是"bought"的宾语,因此"it"是多余的。这是考生在审题时要注意的一个问题。
以上概念是理解定语从句的基础,在没有搞清以上基本概念之前,不要进入下一节内容。
(二)什么叫限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句?
先看一个句子:
I have a brother who is an engineer.
这个句子可以有两个解释:
我有一个当工程师的兄弟。或
我有一个兄弟,他是个工程师。
第一个句子称为限制性定语从句,说明"我至少有有两个兄弟,其中一个是工程师",以便与另一个兄弟(或许他是个医生)相区分。所以,限制性定语从句也称为修饰性定语从句,在先行词(brother)与关系代词(who)之间一般没有","号分开。
第二个句子称为非限制性定语从句,说明"我只有一个兄弟,他是个工程师".所以,非限制性定语从句也称为说明性定语从句,中间一般有","号分开,特别是考试的时候。
该句一般写为:I have a brother,who is an engineer.
注意:凡说明世界上独一无二事物的都是非限制性定语从句,不管中间有没有","号,例如:
Mt.Tai which is located in Shandong Province attracts thousands of tourists every year.
(泰山位于山东省,每年吸引着成千上万的旅游者。)
按语法规定,这里的"which"是不能用"that"来代替的,为什么?见1.3节
(三)怎么连接?
关键是看先行名词(被修饰或说明的那个名词)在从句中充当什么成分(主语、宾语、表语?状语?定语?)这是能否辨别定语从句和能否正确选择连接词的关键所在。
(在从句中)当主语、宾语、表语时:
↗人→who(宾格用whom)
限制性定语从句:that
↘物→that(=which)
注意:虽然在限制性定语从句中,关系代词that=which,但是,当:
(1)先行词是all,both,none,nothing,anything,everything,much,such等不定代词时;
(2)先行词被形容词最高级修饰时;
(3)先行词被序数词(如第一,第二等)修饰时;
(4)先行词被the very,the only,any,no等词修饰时
只能用that,不能用which连接。
也就是说,在限制性定语从句中,连接物的关系代词用"that"总是对的。
这是考试判题的重要思路。不一定要刻意去死背硬记上面四条具体的规则。
↗人→who(宾格用whom)
非限制性定语从句:
↘物→which(不要用that)
注意:非限制性定语从句(连接词前面一般有","号)中,不会出现"that"
记住上述要点了吗?做几道题,巩固一下上面所讲的内容:
尽量不要查字典!
1)The book ______ is now out of stock
A.which he bought it last week
B.which he bought last week
C.which he had bought last week
D.which it was bought last week
解题思路:如果你选择了A或D,说明你对"句子成分"的概念,或对关系代词在句子中可以做什么成分还不清楚,应该好好复习"什么叫定语从句?"一节;如果选C,说明你对时态概念仍不清楚,再复习"过去完成时"一节;正确答案为B,"which"在从句中做动词bought的宾语。这里能不能将"which"改成"that"呢?当然可以,而且现在更多的是用"that".实际使用中,该句子中的"which"或"that"可以省掉,即:The book he bought last week is now out of stock.(他上周买的那本书现在脱销。),即:当关系代词在从句中当宾语时,可以省掉。
2)He is the man ______ is capable of finishing this task.
A.he
B.whom
C.who
D.which
解题思路:正确答案为C,关系代词在从句中当主语,故选择主格who而不是whom;任何A、D选择说明学生缺乏最基本的语法概念,应补最基础的语法课。
3)The only thing _____ can be done is to stop them from going there.
A.which
B.that
C.what
D.who
解题思路:记住:定语从句中永远不可能出现what做连接词,记住这句话对理解"名词性从句"会大有帮助;既然先行词为thing(事情),就不能用who连接;同时出现"which"和"that",又没有","号,当然选B(the only thing只能用that连接,不能用which连接)。下面一题的思路是一样的:
4)All ______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
A.which is needed
B.that is needed
C.what is needed
D.is needed
正确答案是:B注意:all that=what,不可能出现all what
5)Some of the roads have been flooded(淹没),______ our journey more difficult.
A.it makes
B.they make
C.which makes
D.which make
解题思路:四个答题中有两个区分点:第一个区分点是:C、D都用了连接词"which",而A、B没有用,根据"逗号不能连接两个句子"的原则,A、B肯定不对;第二个区分点是:C、D中,动词一个用单数形式makes,一个用复数形式,这里应选择C.为什么?非限制性定语从句中,除了说明先行的某个名词外,还可以说明整个句子的内容,此时动词用单数形式。全句意思:有的路已被洪水淹没,这使我们的旅行更加困难。"which"代表"有的路已被洪水淹没"这件事情。
考试时,当出现类似形式的题目而确实又看不懂句子意思时,应倾向于选择which+单数动词的那个选项。
6)They have made another wonderful discovery,______ of great importance to science.
A.which I think is
B.I think which is
C.which I think it is
D.I think of which is
解题思路:英语中的连接词一般都是放在从句的最前面,据此,可以排除B、D选项;A、C的区分点是"it",想一下本节的第一题,就能正确选择答案A了。此类题目中,I think应理解为"插入语",要熟悉这种形式,
又如:
He is the man ______ I suppose is capable of finishing this task.
该题应填who而不是whom
(在从句中)当状语时:关系副词where及when
where:当先行名词在从句中当"地点状语"时,用关系副词where连接
例如:
The crime rate rises in cities where the unemployment rate increases.(失业率高的城市犯罪率也高。)句中的where=in cities,表示行为发生的地点。
这里的要点是能否区分是用that(which)还是用where,即:是做"主语、宾表语",还是做"地点状语",例如:
I love the small town that we visited last week.
句中"town"做动词"visited"的宾语,即"参观过的小镇",故用that连接。
I love the small town where I lived during my childhood.
句中"town"是动词"lived"的地点,即"童年时住过的小镇",故用where.
这也是定语从句的一个考点。
when:当先行名词在从句中当"时间状语"时,用关系副词when连接,例如:
July is the month when we have a lot of rain.(七月是多雨的月份。)
注意"when"定语从句后推的现象,例如:
I think(that)the day will finally come when air pollution can be put under control.(我认为空气污染得以控制的一天最终会来到。)
放在主句后面作非限制定语从句时(前面一般加","号),"when"一般译为"此时","那时",例如:
The meeting will be put off until next month,when we will have made all the preparations.(会议将推迟到下月,那时一切就准备就绪了。)
另一个关系副词是why,由于它固定与the reason搭配,即:the reason why,不难理解,一般也不作为考试的重点。例如:
This is the reason why the electronic computer cannot entirely replace man.这就是(为什么)电子计算机不能完全代替人的原因。
whose(=of which/whom):做先行词(不管是人还是物)的定语,汉语为"…的",不要考虑是否是限制性或非限制性定语从句,例如:
Pay attention to that boy whose temperature is very high.(理论上也可以写成:Pay attention to that boy the temperature of whom is very high.注意那个男孩,他的体温很高。(非限制性)/注意那个体温很高的男孩。(限制性)
介词+which(whom)
先看两个句子:
This is the house.He has lived in the house for over 30 years.
变为↓定语从句
This is the house in which he has lived for over 30 years.
上述句子中,先行词在从句中充当介词宾语,形成"介词+which/whom"的形式,考试时要求作出1)要不要介词;2)若要,使用什么介词的判断。由于英语中介词搭配多为习惯用法,没有多少规律可循,因此这是定语从句考试的一个难点。
记住四个字:瞻前顾后
瞻前:先看看先行词一般与什么介词搭配,例如:
There are occasions _____ which joking is not permissible.
→Joking is not permissible _____(certain)occasions.
常与occasion搭配的介词是什么?on,即:
Joking is not permissible on(certain)occasions.(有的场合是不容许开玩笑的。)
↓
There are occasions on which joking is not permissible.
顾后:看看谓语动词常与什么介词搭配,例如:
This car,____ which I paid a lot of money,is now out of date.
→I paid a lot of money ______ this car.
Pay(money)for something是一个固定的搭配,因此应填介词"for"
当A、B、C、D中出现"介词+which/whom"选项时,而你又确实看不懂时,应倾向于选择"介词+which/whom"的形式,例如:
The two elements _____ water is made are the gases oxygen and hydrogen.
A.that
B.which
C.with which
D.of which
倾向选择C、D;正确答案D,"be made of"(由…组成):
The two elements are gases(oxygen and hydrogen).
Water is made of the two elements.
两个句子一合并,便是该句选择。
(四)其他应注意的确问题:
(1)同位语从句只能用"that"连接
常见的同位语先行词有:fact(事实),possibility(可能),idea(想法),belief(相信),doubt(疑问),news(消息),order(命令),promise(承诺),evidence(证据),suggestion(建议)等,例如:
Is there any possibility that all the villagers can send their children to school?(有没有这种可能,所有村民都能送他们的孩子上学?)
There can be no doubt that he is a qualified doctor.(毫无疑问,他是个合格的医生。)
(2)"as"也可以做关系代词用于连接定语从句,特别是在"such…as…","the same as…"以及"正如…"的结构中,例如:
I have never seen a thing as he described.(我从未见过他所描述的那种事。)
As was expected,the performance was a great success.(正如所料,演出获得了巨大成功。)
把该句理解为:The performance was a great success,which was expected,就比较容易理解as的这种用法。
将定语从句的连接用三句话归纳一下:
↗人用who/whom
(1)先行词在从句中当主、宾、表语→定语用whose
↘物用that(=which)/非限制用which
↗地点状语用:where
(2)先行词在从句中当→原因状语(reason)用:why
↘时间状语用:when
(3)介词+which/whom结构:瞻前顾后
一.定语从句:
(一)什么叫定语从句?
定语从句也称为"形容词从句",或"的从句",顾名思义,就是用来修饰或说明名词的从句,被修饰或说明的那个名词称为"先行词",即:
名词(先行词)←连接词+句子
由于汉语中的定语总是放在名词的前面,而英语中的定语从句总是放在被修饰或说明的名词后面,又要使用连接词加以连接,因此定语从句,特别是连接词的使用,成为中国学生学习的一个难点,也是考试的一个重点。
要搞清定语从句,初学者必须首先建立以下基本概念:
比较:我昨天买的那本书很有趣。
The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
昨天买的那本书很有趣。
The book that was bought yesterday is very interesting.
从以上句子可以看出:
(1)定语从句一定是修饰或说明"名词"的,上句中就是"the book"
(2)定语从句中的"连接词"就是前面那个名词的"化身",一般都紧跟在名词的后面,上句中连接词"that"代表的就是前面的"the book",即that=the book;
(3)定语从句中的"连接词"必须在从句中充当一个句子成分(当主语、宾语或表语时称为关系代词;当地点、时间状语时称为关系副词),在上句中"that"当动词"bought"的宾语,也就是说,以下表达是错误的:
The book that I bought it is very interesting.
由于句中的"that"就是"bought"的宾语,因此"it"是多余的。这是考生在审题时要注意的一个问题。
以上概念是理解定语从句的基础,在没有搞清以上基本概念之前,不要进入下一节内容。
(二)什么叫限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句?
先看一个句子:
I have a brother who is an engineer.
这个句子可以有两个解释:
我有一个当工程师的兄弟。或
我有一个兄弟,他是个工程师。
第一个句子称为限制性定语从句,说明"我至少有有两个兄弟,其中一个是工程师",以便与另一个兄弟(或许他是个医生)相区分。所以,限制性定语从句也称为修饰性定语从句,在先行词(brother)与关系代词(who)之间一般没有","号分开。
第二个句子称为非限制性定语从句,说明"我只有一个兄弟,他是个工程师".所以,非限制性定语从句也称为说明性定语从句,中间一般有","号分开,特别是考试的时候。
该句一般写为:I have a brother,who is an engineer.
注意:凡说明世界上独一无二事物的都是非限制性定语从句,不管中间有没有","号,例如:
Mt.Tai which is located in Shandong Province attracts thousands of tourists every year.
(泰山位于山东省,每年吸引着成千上万的旅游者。)
按语法规定,这里的"which"是不能用"that"来代替的,为什么?见1.3节
(三)怎么连接?
关键是看先行名词(被修饰或说明的那个名词)在从句中充当什么成分(主语、宾语、表语?状语?定语?)这是能否辨别定语从句和能否正确选择连接词的关键所在。
(在从句中)当主语、宾语、表语时:
↗人→who(宾格用whom)
限制性定语从句:that
↘物→that(=which)
注意:虽然在限制性定语从句中,关系代词that=which,但是,当:
(1)先行词是all,both,none,nothing,anything,everything,much,such等不定代词时;
(2)先行词被形容词最高级修饰时;
(3)先行词被序数词(如第一,第二等)修饰时;
(4)先行词被the very,the only,any,no等词修饰时
只能用that,不能用which连接。
也就是说,在限制性定语从句中,连接物的关系代词用"that"总是对的。
这是考试判题的重要思路。不一定要刻意去死背硬记上面四条具体的规则。
↗人→who(宾格用whom)
非限制性定语从句:
↘物→which(不要用that)
注意:非限制性定语从句(连接词前面一般有","号)中,不会出现"that"
记住上述要点了吗?做几道题,巩固一下上面所讲的内容:
尽量不要查字典!
1)The book ______ is now out of stock
A.which he bought it last week
B.which he bought last week
C.which he had bought last week
D.which it was bought last week
解题思路:如果你选择了A或D,说明你对"句子成分"的概念,或对关系代词在句子中可以做什么成分还不清楚,应该好好复习"什么叫定语从句?"一节;如果选C,说明你对时态概念仍不清楚,再复习"过去完成时"一节;正确答案为B,"which"在从句中做动词bought的宾语。这里能不能将"which"改成"that"呢?当然可以,而且现在更多的是用"that".实际使用中,该句子中的"which"或"that"可以省掉,即:The book he bought last week is now out of stock.(他上周买的那本书现在脱销。),即:当关系代词在从句中当宾语时,可以省掉。
2)He is the man ______ is capable of finishing this task.
A.he
B.whom
C.who
D.which
解题思路:正确答案为C,关系代词在从句中当主语,故选择主格who而不是whom;任何A、D选择说明学生缺乏最基本的语法概念,应补最基础的语法课。
3)The only thing _____ can be done is to stop them from going there.
A.which
B.that
C.what
D.who
解题思路:记住:定语从句中永远不可能出现what做连接词,记住这句话对理解"名词性从句"会大有帮助;既然先行词为thing(事情),就不能用who连接;同时出现"which"和"that",又没有","号,当然选B(the only thing只能用that连接,不能用which连接)。下面一题的思路是一样的:
4)All ______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
A.which is needed
B.that is needed
C.what is needed
D.is needed
正确答案是:B注意:all that=what,不可能出现all what
5)Some of the roads have been flooded(淹没),______ our journey more difficult.
A.it makes
B.they make
C.which makes
D.which make
解题思路:四个答题中有两个区分点:第一个区分点是:C、D都用了连接词"which",而A、B没有用,根据"逗号不能连接两个句子"的原则,A、B肯定不对;第二个区分点是:C、D中,动词一个用单数形式makes,一个用复数形式,这里应选择C.为什么?非限制性定语从句中,除了说明先行的某个名词外,还可以说明整个句子的内容,此时动词用单数形式。全句意思:有的路已被洪水淹没,这使我们的旅行更加困难。"which"代表"有的路已被洪水淹没"这件事情。
考试时,当出现类似形式的题目而确实又看不懂句子意思时,应倾向于选择which+单数动词的那个选项。
6)They have made another wonderful discovery,______ of great importance to science.
A.which I think is
B.I think which is
C.which I think it is
D.I think of which is
解题思路:英语中的连接词一般都是放在从句的最前面,据此,可以排除B、D选项;A、C的区分点是"it",想一下本节的第一题,就能正确选择答案A了。此类题目中,I think应理解为"插入语",要熟悉这种形式,
又如:
He is the man ______ I suppose is capable of finishing this task.
该题应填who而不是whom
(在从句中)当状语时:关系副词where及when
where:当先行名词在从句中当"地点状语"时,用关系副词where连接
例如:
The crime rate rises in cities where the unemployment rate increases.(失业率高的城市犯罪率也高。)句中的where=in cities,表示行为发生的地点。
这里的要点是能否区分是用that(which)还是用where,即:是做"主语、宾表语",还是做"地点状语",例如:
I love the small town that we visited last week.
句中"town"做动词"visited"的宾语,即"参观过的小镇",故用that连接。
I love the small town where I lived during my childhood.
句中"town"是动词"lived"的地点,即"童年时住过的小镇",故用where.
这也是定语从句的一个考点。
when:当先行名词在从句中当"时间状语"时,用关系副词when连接,例如:
July is the month when we have a lot of rain.(七月是多雨的月份。)
注意"when"定语从句后推的现象,例如:
I think(that)the day will finally come when air pollution can be put under control.(我认为空气污染得以控制的一天最终会来到。)
放在主句后面作非限制定语从句时(前面一般加","号),"when"一般译为"此时","那时",例如:
The meeting will be put off until next month,when we will have made all the preparations.(会议将推迟到下月,那时一切就准备就绪了。)
另一个关系副词是why,由于它固定与the reason搭配,即:the reason why,不难理解,一般也不作为考试的重点。例如:
This is the reason why the electronic computer cannot entirely replace man.这就是(为什么)电子计算机不能完全代替人的原因。
whose(=of which/whom):做先行词(不管是人还是物)的定语,汉语为"…的",不要考虑是否是限制性或非限制性定语从句,例如:
Pay attention to that boy whose temperature is very high.(理论上也可以写成:Pay attention to that boy the temperature of whom is very high.注意那个男孩,他的体温很高。(非限制性)/注意那个体温很高的男孩。(限制性)
介词+which(whom)
先看两个句子:
This is the house.He has lived in the house for over 30 years.
变为↓定语从句
This is the house in which he has lived for over 30 years.
上述句子中,先行词在从句中充当介词宾语,形成"介词+which/whom"的形式,考试时要求作出1)要不要介词;2)若要,使用什么介词的判断。由于英语中介词搭配多为习惯用法,没有多少规律可循,因此这是定语从句考试的一个难点。
记住四个字:瞻前顾后
瞻前:先看看先行词一般与什么介词搭配,例如:
There are occasions _____ which joking is not permissible.
→Joking is not permissible _____(certain)occasions.
常与occasion搭配的介词是什么?on,即:
Joking is not permissible on(certain)occasions.(有的场合是不容许开玩笑的。)
↓
There are occasions on which joking is not permissible.
顾后:看看谓语动词常与什么介词搭配,例如:
This car,____ which I paid a lot of money,is now out of date.
→I paid a lot of money ______ this car.
Pay(money)for something是一个固定的搭配,因此应填介词"for"
当A、B、C、D中出现"介词+which/whom"选项时,而你又确实看不懂时,应倾向于选择"介词+which/whom"的形式,例如:
The two elements _____ water is made are the gases oxygen and hydrogen.
A.that
B.which
C.with which
D.of which
倾向选择C、D;正确答案D,"be made of"(由…组成):
The two elements are gases(oxygen and hydrogen).
Water is made of the two elements.
两个句子一合并,便是该句选择。
(四)其他应注意的确问题:
(1)同位语从句只能用"that"连接
常见的同位语先行词有:fact(事实),possibility(可能),idea(想法),belief(相信),doubt(疑问),news(消息),order(命令),promise(承诺),evidence(证据),suggestion(建议)等,例如:
Is there any possibility that all the villagers can send their children to school?(有没有这种可能,所有村民都能送他们的孩子上学?)
There can be no doubt that he is a qualified doctor.(毫无疑问,他是个合格的医生。)
(2)"as"也可以做关系代词用于连接定语从句,特别是在"such…as…","the same as…"以及"正如…"的结构中,例如:
I have never seen a thing as he described.(我从未见过他所描述的那种事。)
As was expected,the performance was a great success.(正如所料,演出获得了巨大成功。)
把该句理解为:The performance was a great success,which was expected,就比较容易理解as的这种用法。
将定语从句的连接用三句话归纳一下:
↗人用who/whom
(1)先行词在从句中当主、宾、表语→定语用whose
↘物用that(=which)/非限制用which
↗地点状语用:where
(2)先行词在从句中当→原因状语(reason)用:why
↘时间状语用:when
(3)介词+which/whom结构:瞻前顾后
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