The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago-dates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled in these two continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago). 

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• 1Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzania; East Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Afric

  A.These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking, apelike early humans).A.

  H.a. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking, apelike early humans).A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

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• 2According to Moberg’s recovery strategy, Ahold will _____.

  A.sell its stake to other joint venture companies

  B.buy shares of its Scandinavian partners

  C.choose to put money in its chain shops in Scandinavia

  D.exercise its potential influence on partners

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• 3Before the scandal at Ahold, the executive bonuses in Dutch companies _____.

  A.were higher than what Moberg earned

  B.were regulated by a commission

  C.were not monitored by the government

  D.were not set by corporate management

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• 4Anders Moberg thought that if his salary had been announced earlier, _____.

  A.the board’s position would have become less difficult

  B.he would have agreed to the contract with Ahold

  C.more time could have been devoted to his recovery plan

  D.the shareholders wouldn’t have strongly opposed

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• 5The recovery strategy by Ahold’s management includes _____.

  A.avoiding the next accounting scandal

  B.diverting investment to other fields

  C.issuing rights to more retailers

  D.selling the retailers with poor performance

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• 6Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domestication-the planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herding of animals-is evident in such places as the ancient settlement of Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacán Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. 

  H.A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

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• 7Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asi

  A.By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals.A.

  H.a. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals.A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

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• 8Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed. 

  H.A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

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