A.Women and Japanese companies
B.Why men sometimes resign form Japanese companies
C.Permanency in employment in Japan
D.The social aspect of work
E.The salary structure
F.The recruitment strategy of foreign firmsEvery autumn， when recruitment of new graduates and school leavers begins， major cities in Japan are flooded with students hunting for a job. Wearing suits for the first time， they run from one interview to another. The season is crucial for many students， as their whole lives may be determined during this period.56In Japan， lifetime employment is commonly practiced by large companies. While people working in small companies and those working for subcontractors do not in general enjoy the advantages conferred by the large companies， there is a general expectation that employees will in fact remain more or less permanently in the same job.57.Wages are set according to educational background or initial field of employment， ordinary graduates being employed in administration， engineers in engineering and design departments and so on. Both promotions and wage increases tend to be tied to seniority， though some differences may arise later on as a result of ability and business performance. Wages are paid monthly， and the net sum， after the deduction of tax， is usually paid directly into a bank account. As well as salary， a bonus is usually paid twice a year.58.Many female graduates complain that they are not given equal training and equal opportunity in comparison to male graduates. Japanese companies generally believe that female employees will eventually leave to get married and have children. It is also true that， as well as the still-existing belief among women themselves that nothing should stand in the way of child-rearing， the extended hours of work often do not allow women to continue their careers after marriage.59.Disappointed career-minded female graduates often opt to work for foreign firms. Since most male graduates prefer to join Japanese firms with their guaranteed security， foreign firms are often keen to employ female graduates as their potential tends to be greater than that of male applicants.60.Some men， however， do leave their companies in spite of future prospects， one reason being to take over the family business. The eldest sons in families that own family companies or businesses such as stores are normally expected to take over the business when their parents retire. It is therefore quite common to see a businessman， on succeeding to his parents' business， completely change his professional direction by becoming， for example， a shopkeeper.On the job， working relationships tend to be very close because of the long hours of work and years of service in common. Social life in fact is frequently based on the workplace. Restaurants and nomiya， “pubs”， are always crowded at night with people enjoying an evening out with their colleagues. Many companies organize trips and sports days for their employees. Senior staff often play the role of mentor. This may mean becoming involved in the lives of junior staff in such things as marriage and the children's education.A. B. C. D. E. F.
A.Williams counts himself among the 20 percent of adults whose susceptibility to anger is high enough to threaten their health. But everyone can try his approach to handling the stressors that set anger off—and it needn't be in a work environment.
B.“Aerobic exercise is the best way to dissipate stress and make the transition into family time，” says the expert. But， he cautions， don't let exercise itself become a stress. Even moderate activity—such as a daily 30 minute walk can improve health and mood. “That's why I tell my patients to be sure to walk their dog every day，” he says with a chuckle， “even if they don't have one.”
C.“My research suggests that carbohydrates raise levels of the mood-regulating brain chemical serotonin， which exerts a calming effect on the entire body，” says the M.I.T research scientist. “So symptoms of stress—such as anger， tension， irritability and inability to concentrate—are ease
D.“That's why I tell my patients to be sure to walk their dog every day，” he says with a chuckle， “even if they don't have on
E.”C. “My research suggests that carbohydrates raise levels of the mood-regulating brain chemical serotonin， which exerts a calming effect on the entire body，” says the M.I.T research scientist. “So symptoms of stress—such as anger， tension， irritability and inability to concentrate—are eased.”D. He tells patients to do only those tasks that would have serious consequences if left undone. “Will you die if you don't do the laundry？” he asks. Taking at least half an hour a day to do something you enjoy， he notes， lets you recharge you batteries. Especially around the holidays， skip some routine chores to make time for family and friends.E. When cardiologist Ray Rosenman was associate chief of medicine at San Francisco's Mount Zion Hospital， he would block off half an hour a day on his schedule. “If an emergency came up， I moved patients into that slot，” says Rosenman， co-author of Type A Behavior and Your Heart. “Or used that half-hour to return calls or go through my mail. You can't control everything， but you can control your schedule to create some breathing space for yoursel
F.”F. He was so moved by his experience that he researched laughter's power. “A good laugh relaxes muscles， lowers blood pressure， suppresses stress-related hormones and enhances the immune system，” he says. In his workshops he tells clients to ask themselves how their favorite comedian would see this stressful situation.A. B. C. D. E. F.
开始考试点击查看答案A.See yourself as successful. If I could plug into the minds of my patients and listen to the statements they make to themselves， I am convinced that the majority of them would be negative： “I'm running late again as usual.” “My hair looks terrible this morning.”“That was a stupid remark I made—she probably thinks I'm a dummy.”Since thousands of these messages flash across our brains every day， it is small wonder that the result is a diminished self-image.
B.Author and editor Norman Cousins wrote： “People are never more insecure than when they become obsessed with their fears at the expense of their dreams.” There is no doubt that if we can envision beneficial things happening， they have a way of actually occurring.
C.Stevens finally had a heart-to-heart talk with herself：“I realized that I simply wasn't a wit or an intellectual and that I could succeed only as myself. I began listening and asking questions at parties instead of trying to impress the guests. When I spoke， I tried to contribute， not to shine. Almost at once I started to feel a new warmth in my social contacts. They liked the real me better.” If we are true to our instincts， most of us will find that we naturally develop certain trademarks. The discovery and expression of that uniqueness is one reason we are on this planet. Resisting conformity and developing some small eccentricities are among the steps to independence and self-confidence.
D.Many of us get interested in a field， but then the going gets tough， we see that other people are more successful， and we become discouraged and quit. But it is of then the boring， repetitive sharpening of our skills that will ultimately enable us to reach our goal.
E.B. Author and editor Norman Cousins wrote： “People are never more insecure than when they become obsessed with their fears at the expense of their dreams.” There is no doubt that if we can envision beneficial things happening， they have a way of actually occurring.C. Stevens finally had a heart-to-heart talk with herself：“I realized that I simply wasn't a wit or an intellectual and that I could succeed only as mysel
G.I began listening and asking questions at parties instead of trying to impress the guests. When I spoke， I tried to contribute， not to shine. Almost at once I started to feel a new warmth in my social contacts. They liked the real me better.” If we are true to our instincts， most of us will find that we naturally develop certain trademarks. The discovery and expression of that uniqueness is one reason we are on this planet. Resisting conformity and developing some small eccentricities are among the steps to independence and self-confidence.D. Many of us get interested in a field， but then the going gets tough， we see that other people are more successful， and we become discouraged and quit. But it is of then the boring， repetitive sharpening of our skills that will ultimately enable us to reach our goal.E. Horace Bushnell， the great New England preacher， used to say， “Somewhere under the stars God has a job for you to do， and nobody else can do it.” Some of us must find our place by trial and error. It can take time， with dead ends along the way. But we should not get discouraged because others seem more skilled. Usually it is not raw talent but drive that makes the difference.F. One daily exercise for building self-confidence is called “imaging” or “visualization”。 In order to succeed， you must see yourself succeedin
H.A. See yourself as successful. If I could plug into the minds of my patients and listen to the statements they make to themselves， I am convinced that the majority of them would be negative： “I'm running late again as usual.” “My hair looks terrible this morning.”“That was a stupid remark I made—she probably thinks I'm a dummy.”Since thousands of these messages flash across our brains every day， it is small wonder that the result is a diminished self-image.B. Author and editor Norman Cousins wrote： “People are never more insecure than when they become obsessed with their fears at the expense of their dreams.” There is no doubt that if we can envision beneficial things happening， they have a way of actually occurring.C. Stevens finally had a heart-to-heart talk with herself：“I realized that I simply wasn't a wit or an intellectual and that I could succeed only as myself. I began listening and asking questions at parties instead of trying to impress the guests. When I spoke， I tried to contribute， not to shine. Almost at once I started to feel a new warmth in my social contacts. They liked the real me better.” If we are true to our instincts， most of us will find that we naturally develop certain trademarks. The discovery and expression of that uniqueness is one reason we are on this planet. Resisting conformity and developing some small eccentricities are among the steps to independence and self-confidence.D. Many of us get interested in a field， but then the going gets tough， we see that other people are more successful， and we become discouraged and quit. But it is of then the boring， repetitive sharpening of our skills that will ultimately enable us to reach our goal.E. Horace Bushnell， the great New England preacher， used to say， “Somewhere under the stars God has a job for you to do， and nobody else can do it.” Some of us must find our place by trial and error. It can take time， with dead ends along the way. But we should not get discouraged because others seem more skilled. Usually it is not raw talent but drive that makes the difference.F. One daily exercise for building self-confidence is called “imaging” or “visualization”。 In order to succeed， you must see yourself succeeding. Picture yourself approaching a difficult challenge with poise and confidence. Athletes often visualize a move over and over in their minds； they see themselves hitting the perfect golf or tennis shot. When we burn such positive images into our minds deeply enough， they become a part of the unconscious， and we begin to expect to succeed.[G] Break away from other people's expectations. It is a liberating step when we decide to stop being what other people want us to be. Although opera singer Rise Stevens performed onstage with great poise， the self-confidence she felt before audiences evaporated in social situation. “My discomfort，” she says， “came from trying to be something I was not-a state in the drawing room as well as onstage. If a clever person made a joke， I tried to top it and failed. I pretended to be familiar with subjects I knew nothing of.”Order：D→41.→42.→43.→44.→45.→CA. B. C. D. E. F. G.
开始考试点击查看答案A.it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy—in the literal meaning of that word； a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people.
B.a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This， I may say， is largely a matter of selfdiscipline and self-training， because none of us were born like that.
C.the teacher's personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain， or even ugly， because many such have great personal charm.
D.A teacher must remain mentally alert， He must be quick to adapt himself to any situation， however improbable （they happen！） and able to improvise， if necessary at less than a moment's notice
E.B.a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This， I may say， is largely a matter of selfdiscipline and self-training， because none of us were born like that.C.the teacher's personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain， or even ugly， because many such have great personal charm.D.A teacher must remain mentally alert， He must be quick to adapt himself to any situation， however improbable （they happen！） and able to improvise， if necessary at less than a moment's noticeE.A teacher should be humorous sometimes like a best friend sitting down across from you in your living room having a chat about what's going on in your life.
G.I think a teacher should have the kind of mind， which always wants to go on learnin
H.A.it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy—in the literal meaning of that word； a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people.B.a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This， I may say， is largely a matter of selfdiscipline and self-training， because none of us were born like that.C.the teacher's personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain， or even ugly， because many such have great personal charm.D.A teacher must remain mentally alert， He must be quick to adapt himself to any situation， however improbable （they happen！） and able to improvise， if necessary at less than a moment's noticeE.A teacher should be humorous sometimes like a best friend sitting down across from you in your living room having a chat about what's going on in your life.F.I think a teacher should have the kind of mind， which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect； there is always something more to learn about it.G.I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest.A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
开始考试点击查看答案A.Memorizing grammar with great efforts.
B.Study textbooks with close attention.
C.Have their brain images recorde
D.D.Enjoy their sleep at night soundly.
开始考试点击查看答案A.exposing a longheld folk wisdom
B.clarifying the predictions on dreams
C.making contrasts and comparisons
D.correlating effects with their causes
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