2020年成考升专本非谓语动词分词复习指导

来源： 2019-08-04 21:36中

第一部分：语法讲解

分词是一种非限定动词，它兼有动词、形容词和副词的特征。在句中可以担任定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可以分为现在分词和过去分词。

1.现在分词和过去分词的区别
语态上不同：现在分词表示主动的意思，多用以描述事物对人的情感所具有的影响力或作用。过去分词表示被动的意思，多用以描述人物的情感，表达外界事物对人产生的影响。
如：a moving film一部感动人的影片
a moved audience受感动的观众
时间上的关系：现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行，过去分词所表示的动作往往已经完成。
如：developing countries发展中国家
developed countries发达国家
boiling water正在开的水
boiled water 开水

2．分词作定语
如果是单个分词作定语，放在所修饰的名词之前。
如：I am reading a very interesting novel.我正在读一本非常有趣的小说。
如果分词短语作定语，通常放在所修饰的名词之后。分词短语作定语，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
如：Most of the young teachers working in this university are Ph.D.在这所大学工作的大多数年轻教师都是博士。
（=who work in this university）
Do you know the girl employed by this company? 你认识受雇于这家公司的那个女孩吗？
（=who is employed by this company）
注：动名词和现在分词作定语是有区别的。动名词作定语，和它修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，即它不是该名词发出的动作，只是表明所修饰名词的目的和用途。现在分词作定语表示所修饰的词与分词有逻辑上的主谓关系。
如：a sleeping car= a car for sleeping卧车（动名词）
a sleeping boy= a boy who is sleeping睡觉的男孩（分词）

3.分词作表语
分词作表语相当于形容词，现在分词多指主语的性质，过去分词说明主语的状态。
如：They were completely exhausted.他们完全筋疲力尽了。
The rumors were startling. 谣言令人震惊。
注：a)分词作表语，相当于形容词。不可与构成进行时态和被动语态中的分词混淆起来。他们的形式是一样的，但可以从意义上予以区别。
如：The film is moving.这电影很感人。（分词作表语，说明主语的性质）
They are moving next Sunday.他们下周日搬家。（现在进行时，表示动作）
The bookstore is now closed.书店现在已经关闭了。（分词作表语，说明主语所处的状态）
The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p.m.书店通常在下午7：30关闭。（被动语态，表示动作）
b)动名词和现在分词作表语的区别：动名词作表语说明主语的内容，而且可以转换到句首作主语；现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征，其作用相当于形容词。
如：His favorite sport is running.他最喜爱的运动是跑步。（动名词作表语）
可以转换为：Running is his favorite sport.
The film is very moving.这部影片很感人。（分词作表语）

4．作宾语补足语
分词可以在动词后面的复合宾语中作宾语补足语。常跟分词作宾补的动词有：
have, keep, get, see, hear, find, feel, make, observe, watch等等。
如：He kept the machine running for ten hours.他使机器一直运转了十个小时。
We saw her entering the cinema.我们看见她进了电影院。
注：a)动词have, get后面的复合宾语中，通常由过去分词作宾语补足语，且表示的动作往往是别人完成的。
如：We must get the television set repaired.我们必须把电视机修好。（别人修的）
I had my hair cut.我理发了。（别人给我理的）
b)现在分词构成的复合宾语与不定式构成的复合宾语在意义上是有差别的。现在分词表示动作正在发生（即动作处于发生的过程中，还没有结束）；不定式着重说明动作的全过程，表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。
如：I saw the girl getting on the bus.我看见她在上公共汽车。
I saw the girl get on the bus. 我看见她上公共汽车了。
如果宾语补足语是一系列动作，要用不定式。
如：I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back.我看见他进了房间，开了一个抽屉的锁，拿出一份文件，拍了照片，又把它放回。

5．分词作状语
现在分词作状语，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间是主动关系；过去分词作状语，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况等。

时间状语：分词作状语，相当于时间状语从句。可在分词前面加when, while.
如：Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.有一天当她正沿着大街向前走时，她看见一个女孩朝她跑了过来。
（When she was walking along the street one day）
When heated, ice will be changed into water.当冰受热时，它就会变成水。
（When it is heated）
原因状语：相当于表示原因的状语从句
如：Having no place to go, the man wandered about in the street.由于没有要去的地方，那个男人只好在街上徘徊。
（Because the man had no place to go）
Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday.他由于病了，昨天没有去上学。
（Because he was ill）
方式、伴随情况及结果状语
如：She came running back to tell us the news.她跑着回来告诉我们这个消息。（方式）
The headmaster went into the lab, followed by the foreign guests.校长走进了实验室，后面跟着外宾。（伴随）
Jane fell off the bike, cutting her leg.简从自行车上摔下，划破了腿。（结果）
条件状语：前面可带if, unless等从属连词，相当于条件状语从句。
如：Working hard, you will succeed.好好工作，你就会成功的。
（If you work hard）
Some metropolitan newspapers would make sizable volumes if printed in book form. 如果印成书的形式，有些大城市的报纸的销量会相当可观。
（If they are printed in book form）

6. 独立结构
当分词的动作不是句子的主语发出的，而是属于主语以外的人或事物，这时必须在分词前给其加一个逻辑主语，这种带主语的分词结构通常称为独立主格结构。这种结构属于作状语，用来表示条件、原因、伴随情况等。
如：Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow.要是天气许可的话，我们明天去郊游。（条件）
   The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.天黑，她不敢去那。（原因）
   The bell ringing, the children all stopped talking.铃声一响，孩子们都不说话了。（时间）
   The teacher came in, his hand carrying a book.老师手中拿着书进来了。（伴随情况）
注：a)还有一种表示伴随情况的独立结构， with+名词或代词宾格+分词（或形容词、介词短语）
如：With everything taken into consideration, we all think this is a very good plan.每件事情都考虑到了，我们认为这是一项不错的计划。
She entered the train station, with a bag in her hand.她进了车站，手中提了一个包。
He sleeps with the window open even in winter.他即使在冬天也开着窗户睡觉。
b) 独立结构中的being, having been有时可以省去。
如：The meeting (being) over, we all left the room.会议结束之后，我们都离开了房间。
   Our work ( having been）finished, we went home.我们的工作完成之后，我们都回家了。

7．分词的否定结构
现在分词的否定式由“not+现在分词”构成
如：Not knowing where to go, she wanted to the police for help.她不知道该往哪走，就去请警察帮助。
过去分词表否定，常借助un-等前缀表示。
如：The boy was left uncared for.那孩子无人照管。

8．现在分词的时态
现在分词的一般式 doing：现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动词之前或之后发生。
如：She sat there reading the text.她坐在那里读课文。（同时发生）
Going into the room, he shut the door.走进房子，他就关上了门。（分词动作先于谓语发生）
现在分词的完成式 having done：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，通常只作状语，表示时间或原因。
如：Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.做完作业后，这小女孩开始看电视。

第二部分巩固练习

1．When I caught him _______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
a. cheating b. cheat c. to cheat   d. to be cheat
选a. 现在分词作宾补表示动作正在发生
2．__________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
a. Other things being equal b. Were other things equal c. To be equal to other things d. Other things to be equal
选a. 独立主格结构
3． All things _________ the planned trip will have to be called off.
a. considered b. be considered   c. considering   d. having considered
选a. 独立主格结构
4. All flights __________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
a.had been cancelled b. have been cancelled c. were cancelled d. having been cancelled
选d. 独立主格结构
5.I have heard both teachers and students _____ well of him.
a. speak   b. to speak   c. spoken   d. to have spoken
选a. 省略to的不定式作宾补，表示的是动作发生了。
6．This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, __________ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.
a. been    b. to be   c being   d. having been
选c.现在分词作状语
7．The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience_______ on benches, chairs or boxes.
a. having seated b. seating c. having been seated   d. seated
选d. seat只能用过去分词的形式表示使就坐。
8．You will see this product ______ wherever you go.
a. to be advertised   b. advertised   c. advertise    d. advertising
选b.过去分词作宾补
9．He wasn’t appointed chairman of the committee, ________ not very popular with all its members.
a. to be considered b. considering   c. being considered d. having considered
选c.分词短语作状语
10．Professor Wang, __________ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.
a. knowing   b. known    c. to be known   d having known
选b. 过去分词作定语