2001考研英语一真题及答案

2001 考研英语一真题及答案 Part ⅠClose Test Directions： For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) ①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. ④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］ 1.［A］ other than ［B］ as well as ［C］ instead of ［D］ more than 2.［A］ only if since 3.［A］ for 4.［A］ replace ［D］dispose 5.［A］ enhance 6.［A］ vessels 7.［A］ self-confident restrained 8.［A］ search 9.［A］ proportion 10.［A］ genuinely ［B］ much as ［C］ long before ［B］ against ［B］ purchase ［C］ of ［C］ supplement ［D］ ever ［D］towards ［B］ mix ［C］ feed ［D］ raise ［B］ routes ［C］ paths ［D］channels ［ B ］ self-sufficient ［ C ］ self-satisfied ［ D ］ self［B］ save ［B］ percentage ［B］ obviously frequently 1 ［C］ offer ［C］ rate ［C］ presumably ［D］ seek ［D］ ratio ［ D ］ Part ⅡReading Comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points) Passage 1 ①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the world s best; itss best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. ①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦ （ 12 ） Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes.America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. ①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. ①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③ （ 14 ） Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” 2 says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］ 11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because. ［A］ it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal ［B］ its domestic market was eight times larger than before ［C］ the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors ［ D ］ the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy 12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American. ［A］ TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market ［B］ semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises ［C］ machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions ［D］ auto industry had lost part of its domestic market 13. What can be inferred from the passage? ［A］ It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride. ［B］ Intense competition may contribute to economic progress. ［C］ The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation. ［ D ］ A long history of success may pave the way for further development. 14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the. ［A］ turning of the business cycle ［B］ restructuring of industry ［C］ improved business management ［D］ success in education ① （ 15 ） Passage 2 Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes.A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone. ①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. ②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥ （16） Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have 3 diminished. ⑦India shows what is happening. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in uppermiddle-class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤ （17）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］ 15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph? ［A］ A lack of mates. ［B］ A fierce competition. ［C］ A lower survival rate. ［D］ A defective gene. 16. What does the example of India illustrate? ［A］ Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people. ［B］ Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor. ［C］ The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes. ［D］ India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate. 17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because. ［A］ life has been improved by technological advance ［B］ the number of female babies has been declining ［C］ our species has reached the highest stage of evolution ［D］ the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing 18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? ［A］ Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution. ［B］ Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution. ［C］ The Evolutionary Future of Nature. ［D］ Human Evolution Going Nowhere. ① （ 20 ） Passage 3 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be— even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature. ①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of 4 life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ③ （ 21 ） This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will. ①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.” ① （ 22 ） This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］ 19. This passage is mainly. ［A］ a survey of new approaches to art ［B］ a review of Futurist poetry ［C］ about merits of the Futurist movement ［D］ about laws and requirements of literature 20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to. ［A］ determine its purposes ［B］ ignore its flaws ［C］ follow the new fashions ［D］ accept the principles 21. Futurists claim that we must. ［A］ increase the production of literature ［B］ use poetry to relieve modern stress ［C］ develop new modes of expression ［D］ avoid using adjectives and verbs 22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is. ［A］ based on reasonable principles ［B］ new and acceptable to ordinary people ［C］ indicative of a basic change in human nature ［D］ more of a transient phenomenon than literature ① （ 23 ） Passage 4 Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional workmoral values. ③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its 5