2019年北京师范大学博士入学考试英语真题

2019 年北京师范大学博士入学考试英语真题 I. Listening Comprehension (15 points) Section A Directions: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C, or D on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 1. A. He is in a drug store. B. He is at a department store. C. He is at home. D. He is at his doctor's office. 2. A. I missed in3' train because you stopped me. B. You made me forget what I was saving C. You looked so deep in thought that I didn't want to bother you. D. You told me never to interrupt you. 3. A Sally drove back and forth to work twice today B. Sally took long time to do her work. C. Sally took her lunch with her to work. D. Sally usually gets to work in much less time. 4. A. If you audit a course, you don't have to take the tests. B. You have to take a test if you want to add another course. C. Of course you need to buy some textbooks. D. It is not necessary to order a textbook. 5. A. The speaker's salary is $250. B. The speaker's salary is $1000. C. The speaker's salary is $1100. D. The speaker's salary is $ 275. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 6. A. Clean up her room B. Get her report back. C. Not wait for him past noon. D. Not worry about her raincoat. 7. A. It was probably Mr. Brown's phone number that the woman wrote down. B. it was just an hour ago that the man met Mr. Brown. C. The woman forgot to write down the phone number. D. The woman needed a sheet of paper to put down the number. 8. A. Someone who is in charge of hunting. B. A boss of a company. C. A job-seeking advisor. D. Someone who is in charge of looking for talents for a company. 9. A. The woman is not careful at all this time. B. No matter how careful one can be, it is not enough C. The woman is most careful this time. D. The woman has never been careful. 10. A. Tom stayed in a room on the second floor for an hour. B. Nobody but the woman noticed that Tom was absent. C. Tom was absent when the discussion was held. "~ D. Tom stayed in Room 302 for an hour. Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear an interview. Look at the five statements for this part on your test paper and decide if you think each statement is true or false while you are listening to the interview. If you think the answer is true, mark A, if you think the answer is false, mark B on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 11. Xiangzhen has lived in the United States since she was ten years old. 12. In Korea, the American gesture for "come" is used to call dogs. 13. When talking to an older person or someone with a higher social position, Koreans traditionally look at the person's feet. 14. Between males and females, direct eye contact is a sign of attraction, 15. After many years in the United States Xiangzhen's body language is still completely Korean. II. Reading Comprehension (30 points) Directions: Read the following passages carefully end then select the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage 1 Since the first brain scanner was constructed several years ago, computed tomography or computed medical imagery has become fairly widely used. Its rapid acceptance is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks of conventional X-ray technology. To begin with, conventional two-dimensional X-ray pictures cannot show all of the information contained in a three-dimensional object. Things at different depths are super imposed, causing confusion to the viewer. Computed tomography can give three-dimensional information. The computer is able to reconstruct pictures of the body's interior by measuring the varying intensities of X-ray beams passing through sections of the body from hundreds of different angles. Such pictures are based on series of thin “slices”. In addition, conventional X-ray generally differentiates only between bone and air, as in the chest and lungs. They cannot distinguish soft tissues or variations in tissues. The liver and pancreas are not discernible at all, and certain other organs may only be rendered visible through the use of radiopaque dye. Since computed tomography is much more sensitive, the soft tissues of the kidneys or the liver can be seen and clearly differentiated. This technique can also accurately measure different degrees of X-ray absorption, facilitating the study of the nature of tissue. A third problem with conventional X-ray methods is their inability to measure quantitatively the separate densities of the individual substances through which the X-ray has passed. Only the mean absorption of all the tissues is recorded. This is not a problem with computed tomography. It can accurately locate a tumor and subsequently monitor the progress of radiation treatment, so that in addition to its diagnostic capabilities, it can play a significant role in therapy. 16. Conventional X-rays mainly show the difference between A. bone and air B. liver and pancreas C. muscle and other body tissues D. heart and lungs 17. What kind of view is made possible by contiguous cross sections of the body? A. Two-dimensional. B. Three-dimensional. C. Animated. D. Intensified. 18. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared to conventional X-ray techniques, computed tomography is more A. compact B. rapid C. economical D. informative 19. What is the author's attitude toward this new technique? A. Cautious. B. Tolerant. C. Enthusiastic. D. Critical. 20. According to the passage, computed tomography can be used for all of the following EXCEPT A. monitoring a patient's disease B. diagnosing disorders C. locating tumors D. reconstructing damaged tissues Passage 2 Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification, medicine and religion were inextricably linked for centuries. This notion is apparent in the origin of our word “pharmacy,” which comes from the Greek pharmakon, meaning "purification through purging." By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates valley had developed virtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs. They used gargles, inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay' tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today. The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers Papyrus. a scroll dating from 1900B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers, reveals the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today. As antacids) was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohol. The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The “chief of the preparers of drugs” was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the “collectors of drugs.” field workers, who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The “preparers’ aides” (technicians) dried and pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the “preparers” And the “conservator of drugs” oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb, and animal-organ ingredients were kept. By the seventh century B.C., the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They believed that a physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural components involved. Thus, the early Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health, even if the suspected “mental” causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression but interpreted as curses from displeased deities. The modern era of pharmacology began in the sixteenth century, ushered in by the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine. Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would pass before superstition was displaced by scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens—such as bacteria and viruses, continued to dream up imaginary causative evils. And though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error. Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest developed in this trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticate additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds. 21. The author cites the literal definition of the Greek word pharmakon in the first paragraph in order to A. show that ancient civilization had an advanced form of medical science B. point out that man of the beliefs of ancient civilizations are still held today C. illustrate that early man thought recovery from illness was linked to internal cleansing D. emphasize the primitive nature of Greek medical science 22. According to the passage, the seventh-century Greeks' view of medicine differed from that of the Sumerians in that the Greeks A. discovered more advanced chemical applications of drugs B. acknowledged both the mental and physical roots of illness C. established a rigid hierarchy for the preparation of drugs D. attributed disease to psychological, rather than physical, causes 23. In Paragraph 5, the word “holistic” most nearly means A. integrated B. religious C. modern D. physiological 24. The passage indicates that advances in medical science during the modern era of pharmacology may have been delayed by, A. a lack of understanding of the origins of disease B. a shortage of chemical treatments for disease C. an inaccuracy in pharmaceutical preparation D. an overemphasis on the psychological causes of disease 25. In the final paragraph, the author makes which of the following observations about scientific discovery? A. Human biochemistry is such a complex science that important discoveries are uncommon. B. Many cures for common diseases have yet to be discovered. C. Trial and error is the best avenue to scientific discovery. D. Chance events have led to the discovery of many modem drugs. Passage 3 When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exist in any part of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like the only planet where life like ours could exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be other kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry, and they may multiply on Venus or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not. Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and