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上海市中小学生非致死性伤害流行病学研究

来源: 2019-01-19 12:58

  摘要:【目的】了解上海市中小�W生非致死性伤害发生状况和流行特征,为制定伤害预防干预策略提供依据。【方法】采用多阶段抽样的方法,在上海市随机抽取60所全日制学校的8 555名在读中小学生作为调查对象,问卷调查过去12个月内非致死性伤害发生情况和相关行为的危险因素。【结果】在过去12个月内上海市中小学生非致死性伤害发生率为9.3%。其中,男生为10.1%,女生为8.5%,男女之间差异无统计学意义(χ2=5.80,P=0.173);小学生为9.4%,初中生为9.4%,高中/中职校为8.9%,不同学段之间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.25,P=0.911);城市中心地区为9.7%,城郊结合地区为9.7%,远郊地区为7.3%,不同区域之间差异无统计学意义(χ2=7.05,P=0.415)。跌倒/坠落为首位伤害发生原因,占59.2%,其次为刀/锐器伤,占10.2%,第三位为道路交通伤害,占8.8%;伤害发生时活动主要为休闲活动(24.8%),其次为体育活动(22.1%),此外行走占21.9%、驾乘交通工具占7.6%;伤害发生时间以7、8、9、10月份较高;最主要的受伤地点是家中(33.4%),其后依次为学校(24.3%)、公路/街道(20.1%),体育和运动场所(11.0%);致伤意图非故意伤害为主(97.7%),其次为故意(暴力、攻击)伤害(1.1%);自残/自杀占0.5%;因伤住院比例为1.8%,因伤住院10天及以上占0.3%,10天以下占1.5%。【结论】上海市中小学生非致死伤害问题应引起重视,学校、家庭、社会应携手合作预防中小学生的伤害。 
  关键词:伤害;中小学及高中职校;学生;流行病学;上海市 
  中图分类号:R1;B845.67 文献标志码:A 
  DOI:10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2018.18802 
  引用格式:彭娟娟,高宁,喻彦,等.上海市中小学生非致死性伤害流行病学研究[J].上海预防医学,2018,30(9):723-729. 
  Abstract: [Objective] To investigate the occurrence and epidemiological characteristics of non-fatal injuries among students in Shanghai,and to provide evidence for developing injury prevention strategies. [Methods] Using multi-stage sampling to select 8 555 students from 60 elementary,middle and high/vocational schools to participate in the questionnaire survey,the characteristics of non-fatal injuries and related risk factors were investigated during the past 12 months in Shanghai. [Results] Non-fatal injury incidence of Shanghai students was 9.3% during the past 12 months,of which the incidence of male students was 10.1%,and that of female students 8.5%,and there was no significant difference in incidence between different genders (χ2=5.80,P=0.173);the incidence of elementary school students was 9.4%,middle school students 9.4%,and high/vocational school students 8.9%.There was no significant difference in incidence between different school stages (χ2=0.25,P=0.911);the incidence of urban area was 9.7%,suburban contiguous area 9.7%,and exurb area 7.3%.There was no significant difference in incidence between different regions (χ2=7.05,P=0.415).Fall was the first leading cause of injuries,accounting for 59.2%;followed by cut/pierce,accounting for 10.2%;the third leading cause was road traffic injuries,accounting for 8.8%. Jnjuries occurred with leisure and play (24.8%),sports (22.1%),walking (21.9%) and transports (7.6%).The time of injury occurrence was in July,August,September and October.The most important injury places were home (33.4%),followed by schools (24.3%),road / Street (20.1%),sports places (11.0%).And 97.7% of injuries was unintentional injury,1.1% intentional injury (violence,assault),0.5% self-harm or suicide.The proportion of hospitalized injuries was 1.8%,hospital stay for 10 days and above accounted for 0.3%,and less than 10 days accounted for 1.5%. [Conclusion] Schools,families and society should take injury problems with students seriously,and prevent students from injuries inside and outside school.   Keywords:wounds and injuries;elementary,middle and high/vocational schools;students;epidemiologic studies;Shanghai 
  儿童青少年伤害是一个广受关注的重要公共卫生问题,在全球范围内每年约有95万儿童青少年死于伤害和暴力事件[1]。儿童伤害不仅造成死亡,更多的是受伤和残疾,联合国儿童基金会数据显示,对于18岁以下的儿童,每1人因伤死亡,将伴随12人住院或永久性残疾,34人因伤害需要治疗或缺课[2]。然而,伤害是可以预防和控制的,从1970年至1995年,经济与发展合作组织成员国通过一系列的干预措施将15岁以下儿童因伤害死亡数量降低了近一半[2-3]。鉴于目前上海市中小学生伤害发生数据更多是基于部分医院的伤害监测系统,并非覆盖全市范围内的非致死性伤害,由此对伤害发生流行特征的描述仍缺乏完整有效的数据。本项目在全市范围内开展了中小学生伤害流行病学调查,旨在进一步掌握上海市中小学生伤害流行现况,为制定伤害预防控制策略和措施提供科学依据。 
  1 对象与方法 
  1.1 调查对象 
  上海市17个区县中小学校、中等职业技术学校(以下简称“中职校”)的中小学生。 
  1.2 抽样方法 
  第一阶段:学校的确定,按照学校所在街道的地区性质将学校分为3层,即城市中心地区、城郊结合地区和远郊地区,根据小学(1~5年级)、初中(6~9年级)、高中(10~12年级)各层学生数所占比例,按各校学生数采用概率比例规模抽样(PPS)方法,抽取小学、初中、高中,全市共抽取20所小学、20所初中和20所高中。第二阶段:班级学生的确定,采用简单随机抽样法从抽取的小学、初中、高中各年级抽取1个班级的全体学生进行调查。 

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