在中国古代，常有：“前主所是著为律，后主所是疏为令”的做法，体现的是以皇权为代表的个人立法与决策，后实现一定的法定决策程序，并开始有所改观的是

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• 1明末清初，意大利教士利玛窦来华，西学东渐萌发。他将西方天主教与中国儒家传统文化结合，指出：仁者爱天主，故因为天主爱己爱人，知为天主则知人人可爱，何特爱善者乎。爱人之善，缘在天主之善，非在人之善。利玛窦在这里要表达的意思是

  A.爱人以爱天主为前提

  B.行善是爱天主爱人的具体表现

  C.爱天主就是教人爱人

  D.儒教与天主教信仰具有一致性

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• 2《资治通鉴》载：“唐自武德以来，开拓边境，地连西域，皆置都督、府、州、县。…… 当发山东丁壮为戍卒、缯帛为军资，开屯田以供糗粮，设牧监畜马牛，军城戍逻，万里相望”。材料主要反映了

  A.加强边疆行政管理与军事部署

  B.从内地迁移百姓巩固边防

  C.加强道路建设以运输军械军粮

  D.从军事角度实施屯田戍边

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• 3民国初年，建立了为数众多的政党，出现了“朝进党而暮脱党，暮进党又朝脱党，朝秦暮楚，一人一日数变，恬不为怪，党德政德荡然无存”现象，这些现象主要说明：

  A.政党政治确立

  B.利益驱动下的政党乱象

  C.政党政治活跃

  D.灵活机制下的党派合作

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• 41923年，共产国际指示中共以“党内合作”方式与国民党合作，对中共的反对意见未予理睬；孙中山则拒绝“联合”而认同“党内合作”，最终中共遵照组织原则，以“党内合作”方式实现国共合作。这突出反映了第一次国共合作

  A.中共领导层的软弱妥协

  B.特定内外形势的产物

  C.孙中山的革命性丧失

  D.国民党对中共的合并

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• 5下表是武汉会战前后中日之间攻防数据，材料最能说明： <table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; MARGIN-LEFT: 22.7pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" _dj="MsoNormalTable"><tbody><tr style="PAGE-BREAK-INSIDE: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 86.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" rowspan="4" width="116">进攻比率</td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 140.1pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" rowspan="2" width="187">武汉会战前</td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 77.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" valign="top" width="104">日方</td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 3cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" valign="top" width="113">百分之九十四</td></tr><tr style="PAGE-BREAK-INSIDE: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 77.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" valign="top" width="104">中方</td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 3cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" valign="top" width="113">百分之六</td></tr><tr style="PAGE-BREAK-INSIDE: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 140.1pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" rowspan="2" width="187">武汉会战后至1939年</td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 77.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" valign="top" width="104">日方</td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 3cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" valign="top" width="113">百分之五十六</td></tr><tr style="PAGE-BREAK-INSIDE: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 77.95pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" valign="top" width="104">中方</td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 3cm; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" valign="top" width="113">百分之四十四</td></tr><tr style="PAGE-BREAK-INSIDE: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 4"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 86.7pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" rowspan="3" width="116">日军每日前进公里数</td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 140.1pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="187">武汉会战前</td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 163pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" valign="top" width="217" colspan="2">四十公里</td></tr><tr style="PAGE-BREAK-INSIDE: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 5"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 140.1pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="187">1939年底</td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 163pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" valign="top" width="217" colspan="2">二百公尺</td></tr><tr style="PAGE-BREAK-INSIDE: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 140.1pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="187">1940年底</td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 1.4pt; WIDTH: 163pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" valign="top" width="217" colspan="2">不进反退</td></tr></tbody></table>

  A.日本速战速决的失败

  B.日本攻占中国大片国土

  C.中国持久抗战的效果

  D.相持阶段的中日僵持

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• 61978年后我国农村实行的家庭联产承包责任制，以家庭为单位经营，“增人不增地，减人不减地”，村民对土地的承包期限30年不变。这在一定程度上说明家庭联产承包责任制

  A.有效维护农民利益

  B.有违效率与公平的原则

  C.制度僵化急需改革

  D.对农民土地物权的确认

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• 7雅典将军既是大多数公民满意和信任的领导人，但他必须忠实履行公民大会的决议并且是常胜将军，否则就会背上叛国罪名而被控告。材料具体反映出雅典民主政治的弊端之一是

  A.直接泛滥的民主

  B.集体的非理性

  C.少数公民的民主

  D.多数人的暴政

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